Water Pipes : PEX versus COOPER PIPING

When choosing to repipe your home or building a new house, you are basically given two quality choices: PEX piping or copper piping. Learn which is best for your home!

1. PEX VS COPPER PIPING • IF YOU ARE DEALING WITH A WATER LEAK AND THE ONLY SOLUTION TO THE ISSUE IS RE-PIPING, YOU WILL BE PRESENTED WITH TWO OPTIONS: PEX OR COPPER. • WHILE COPPER PIPING IS STILL CONSIDERED THE STANDARD CHOICE, AS IT HAS BEEN FOR CENTURIES, PEX IS GAINING POPULARITY OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS. • LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH CHOICE. 
  
2. ADVANTAGES OF PEX PIPING • PEX IS A CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE PIPE, • ITS FLEXIBILITY ENABLES IT TO BEND AROUND MOST CORNERS WITHOUT COUPLING OR FITTING. • IT’S MORE RESISTANT TO BURSTS, SINCE IT’S CAPABLE OF EXPANDING. • THE MATERIAL CAN WITHSTAND EXTREME TEMPERATURES, CREEP DEFORMATION, AND CHEMICAL ATTACK. 
  
3. DISADVANTAGES OF PEX PIPING • IF THE PIPES ARE LEFT OUTSIDE, THEY ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE BY THE SUN’S ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. • COMPARED TO THE LIFESPAN OF COPPER PIPES, PEX TENDS TO HAVE A SHORTER ONE. • THE PIPE’S IMPERMEABLE MEMBRANE MAKES IT VULNERABLE TO WATER CONTAMINATION. 
  
4. ADVANTAGES OF COPPER PIPING • COMPARED WITH OTHER METALS, IT’S THE MOST DURABLE AND FLEXIBLE. • COPPER IS RESISTANT TO CORROSIONS AND IMPERVIOUS TO ULTRAVIOLENT RAYS. • THEY HAVE BEEN PROVEN STURDY DUE TO THEIR ABILITY TO FLEX SLIGHTLY. • IT’S CONSIDERED THE MORE ENVIRONMENTAL-FRIENDLY CHOICE. • THE METAL CREATES A BIOSTATIC ATMOSPHERE WHICH MAKES IT DIFFICULT FOR BACTERIA TO DEVELOP WITHIN THE PIPES.

5. DISADVANTAGES OF COPPER PIPING • COPPER HAS BECOME EXPENSIVE, WHILE PEX IS GENERALLY COSTS ABOUT A THIRD OF THE PRICE FOR COPPER. • BASED ON THE PH LEVELS OF THE WATER YOU USE, COPPER CAN CORRODE. COLD WEATHER CAN MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR COPPER TO FREEZE AND BURST.

Types of pipes

1. PIPE CONNECTIONS GROUP 1

2. INTRODUCTION 
A water pipe is any pipe or tube designed to transport treated drinking water/potable water to consumers/building.  They differ according to sizes:- 1) Large diameter main pipes, which supply entire towns 2) Smaller branch lines that supply a street or group of buildings, 3) Small diameter pipes located within individual buildings

3. MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PIPES • PIPES COME IN SEVERAL TYPES AND SIZES. THEY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE MAIN CATEGORIES: METALLIC PIPES, CEMENT PIPES AND PLASTIC PIPES. • METALLIC PIPES INCLUDE STEEL PIPES, GALVANISED IRON PIPES AND CAST IRON PIPES. • CEMENT PIPES INCLUDE CONCRETE CEMENT PIPES AND ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES. • PLASTIC PIPES INCLUDE PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PIPES SOURCE:http://www.slideshare.n et/ManishPandey63/ppt-on- waution-system-by-manish- pandeyter-distrib   

4. DIFFERENT TYPES • CAST IRON (CI) PIPES • STEEL PIPES • GALVANIZED IRON (GI) PIPES • COPPER PIPES • PLASTIC OR POLYTHENE OR PVC PIPES • ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPES • CONCRETE PIPES • POLYPROPYLENE(PPR) PIPES

5. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES • THIS TYPE OF PIPE IS USED FOR WATER SUPPLY WORK INSIDE THE BUILDING. THESE PIPES ARE WROUGHT STEEL PIPES PROVIDED WITH ZINC COATING. • APPLICATION AREAS: • WATER & SEWERAGE. • FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS. • PLUMBING SYSTEMS.

6. • ADVANTAGES :- • LOW INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE COST • LONG LIFE • TOUGHNESS • ANTI-RUST PIPES • USEFUL FOR LARGE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS-DURABLE AND LARGE DIAMETER • DISADVANTAGES :- • HEAVY TO HANDLE. • DEVELOPS BLOCKAGES. • DIFFICULT TO REPAIR. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES

7. • USE T CONNECTORS TO MAKE A BRANCH OFF A MAIN LINE, Y JOINTS WHERE A SINGLE LINE IS SPLIT INTO TWO OR STRAIGHT-LINE CONNECTORS TO JOIN THE ENDS OF TWO PIPES, OF THE SAME OR DIFFERENT SIZES. • JOINTING METHODS :- I. SCREWED JOINTS II. GROOVED JOINTS III. WELDED JOINTS IV. FLANGED JOINTS GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
Source :- www.pmengineer.com/ext/... /0208PME_Pipe_Joining_M ethods_07.pdf

8. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES Screwed joints Grooved Joints Welded Joints Flanged Joints   

9. • INSTALLING :- 1. CUT. 2. DEBURR. 3. FITTINGS-USING TEFLON TAPES. 4. HANGING THE PIPES-A GOOD RULE OF THUMB FOR PLACING SUPPORTS IS EVERY 6-8 FEET ON HORIZONTAL PIPING. 5. JOINING WITH COPPER-DONE IN CASE OF LEAKAGE. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES   

10. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES   

11. • AVAILABLE FITTINGS :- • THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN LIGHT, MEDIUM AND HEAVY GRADES DEPENDING ON THE THICKNESS OF THE METAL. • THESE PIPES ARE AVAILABLE IN SIZE RANGE FROM DN 20MM – DN 300MM SUPPLIED IN STANDARD LENGTH OF 5.8 – 6 MTRS AS PER BS 1387 WHICH IS EQUIVALENT TO EN: 10255. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES   

12. PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES • THESE PIPES ARE BEING USED INCREASINGLY THESE DAYS FOR SUPPLY OF COLD WATER IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PLUMBING WORK. • THERE ARE 3 COMMON TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPES ARE AVAILABLE IN MARKET, AS GIVEN BELOW. • UNPLASTICIZED PVC (UPVC) OR RIGID PIPES FOR USE WITH COLD WATER • PLASTICIZED PVC PIPES WHICH ARE PLASTICIZED WITH ADDITION OF RUBBER. IT HAS LOWER STRENGTH AND LOWER WORKING TEMPERATURE THAN UPVC PIPES. • CHLORINATED PVC (CPVC) PIPES WHICH CAN WITHSTAND HIGHER TEMPERATURES UPTO 1200 (USED TO CARRY HOT WATER).

13. PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES  SUPPLY OF COLD WATER IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PLUMBING WORK. • FOR PIPES USED IN SOIL AND WASTE WATER DISCHARGE SYSTEMS, THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL WILL BE LARGER THAN THAT OF USED FOR ROOF DRAINAGE. • RIGID PVC PIPES ARE USED FOR DISTRIBUTION OF WATER WITH TEMPERATURE BELOW 450C. • AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE, THE STRENGTH OF THE PIPES DECREASES. SIMILARLY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION FROM SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS FREQUENT CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE REDUCES THE LIFE OF PVC PIPES.

14. PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES • ADVANTAGES :- 1. DURABLE AND USABLE. 2. CORROSION RESISTANT. 3. INSULATION. • DISADVANTAGES :- 1. HEAT CONSTRAINTS. 2. COST. 3. WEIGHT.

15. PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES Source :- www.pmengineer.com/ext/... /0208PME_Pipe_Joining_M ethods_07.pdf JOINING METHODS :-

16. PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES Solvent Cementing Heat Fusion   

17. PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES   

18. PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES AVAILABLE FITTINGS :-

19. STEEL PIPES • STEEL PIPES ARE COMPARATIVELY EXPENSIVE. • BUT THEY ARE THE STRONGEST AND MOST DURABLE OF ALL WATER SUPPLY PIPES. • THEY CAN WITHSTAND HIGH WATER PRESSURE, COME IN CONVENIENT (LONGER) LENGTHS THAN MOST OTHER PIPES AND THUS INCUR LOWER INSTALLATION/TRANSPORTATION COSTS. THEY CAN ALSO BE EASILY WELDED. SOURCE:http://www.slideshare.net/M anishPandey63/ppt-on-water- distribution-system-by-manish-pandey

20. SIZES OF STEEL PIPES Source : https://www.googl e.com/#tbm=isch& q=steel+pipes+s pecification+sizes& imgrc=88ZUm- ZhD0RPeM%3A

21. ADVANTAGES OF STEEL PIPES • STEEL PIPES ARE HIGHLY EFFICIENT, AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE A SMALLER DIAMETER OF PIPE MADE FROM STEEL THAN PIPES MADE FROM OTHER MATERIALS. • THE MASS FLOW RATE FOR STAINLESS STEEL PIPES IS MUCH HIGHER PER DIAMETER THAN MANY OTHER MATERIALS. THIS CAN SAVE ON THE COST OF THE PIPES WITHOUT SACRIFICING FLOW RATE. • STEEL IS STRONG AND WILL RESIST DAMAGING FACTORS THAT CAN RUIN OTHER PIPES, SUCH AS TREE ROOTS, HUMAN ERROR, AND EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS. • UNLIKE PLASTIC PIPES, STEEL PIPES ARE 100 PERCENT RECYCLABLE. WHEN THE PIPES ARE NO LONGER NEEDED, THEY CAN BE MELTED DOWN AND TURNED BACK INTO OTHER USEABLE METAL PIECES IN OTHER INDUSTRIES. Source : https://www.google.com/#tbm= isch&q=steel+pipes+specificatio n+sizes&imgrc=88ZUm- ZhD0RPeM%3A

22. DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL PIPES • DIFFERENCE OF HEAT TRANSFER: UNLESS FOR BONDED ALUMINUM OR COPPER BASE, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IS VERY POOR • IT IS OFTEN MORE EXPENSIVEMANY PEOPLE THINK THAT THIS IS A ONE-TIME PURCHASE, WORTH THE INVESTMENT • IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO FABRICATE AND SINCE IT IS NOT THAT MUCH MALLEABLE AS COMPARED TO OTHER METALS THEREFORE IT IS DIFFICULT IN CASE OF REPAIR OR RE WORK BEING DONE. Source : https://www.google.com/#tb m=isch&q=steel+pipes+specif ication+sizes&imgrc=88ZUm- ZhD0RPeM%3A

23. USES OF STEEL PIPES • WATER MAINS • SEWERAGE SYSTEMS. INDUSTRIAL WATER LINES • PLANT PIPING. • DEEP TUBE-WELLS • CASING PIPES • PIPE LINES FOR NATURAL GAS
Source : https://www.google.co m/#tbm=isch&q=steel +pipes+specification+s izes&imgrc=88ZUm- ZhD0RPeM%3A

24. STEEL PIPES • INSTALLATION OF STEEL PIPES :- SOURCE:https://plasticpipe.org /pdf/pex_designguide_residen tial_water_supply.pdf

25. STEEL PIPES SOURCE:https://plasticpipe.org/pd f/pex_designguide_residential_wat er_supply.pdf

26. STEEL PIPES SOURCE:https://plasticpipe.o rg/pdf/pex_designguide_resi dential_water_supply.pdf

27. PRP PIPES • THE PPR PIPE IS ONE OF THE LATEST PIPES RESULTING FROM EUROPEAN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY OF GOS. ITS RAW MATERIALS, A PROPYLENE RANDOM COPOLYMER • FEATURED BY EXCELLENT CLEANNESS, COST EFFECTIVENESS, APPLICABILITY AND ADVANTAGE IN SAFETY, IT IS CONSIDERED AS THE OPTIMAL PIPE MATERIAL FOR COLD AND HOT WATER SYSTEM, WATER PURIFYING ENGINEERING, UNDERGROUND HEATING SYSTEM FOR WOODEN FLOOR, CHEMICAL PIPE WORKS https://www.google.com/#q=ppr+p ipes+specification+sizes&tbm=isch

28. TOLERANCES AND THICKNESS OF PRP PIPES https://www.google.com/#q=ppr +pipes+specification+sizes&tbm=isch   

29. SIZES OF PRP PIPES https://www.google.com/# q=ppr+pipes+specification +sizes&tbm=isch

30. ADVANTAGES OF PRP PIPES • PPR PIPE IS COST-EFFECTIVE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY. • IT CAN BE USED AS A COLD WATER PIPE, HOT WATER PIPES CAN ALSO BE USED • ONCE INSTALLATION DONE AND PRESSURE TEST PASSED , THERE ARE NOT THE SAME AS THE ALUMINUM PIPE LEAKING A LONG TIME ON THE AGING PHENOMENON. • :MODERATE PRICE, STABLE PERFORMANCE, HEAT INSULATION, CORROSION RESISTANCE, SMOOTH INNER WALL, SAFE AND RELIABLE, DOES NOT PENETRATE, USE FIXED NUMBER OF YEAR CAN BE UP TO 50 YEARS. https://www.google.com/#q=pp r+pipes+specification+sizes&tbm =isch   

31. DISADVANTAGES OF PRP PIPES • THE CONSTRUCTION TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS HIGHER • NEED TO USE SPECIAL TOOLS AND PROFESSIONALS TO UNDERTAKE CONSTRUCTION IN ORDER TO ENSURE SYSTEM SAFETY. • IT IS STILL NOT THAT MUCH POPULAR AMONGST THE USERS AND THE CONSUMERS . • MOREOVER COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION ARE NOT FULLY RELYING ON IT. https://www.google.com/#q=ppr +pipes+specification+sizes&tbm =isch

32. USES OF PRP PIPES RESIDENTIAL COLD AND HOT WATER SYSTEM UNDERGROUND HEATING SYSTEM CONVEYOR OF INDUSTRIAL WATER AND CHEMICAL MATERIALS SANITARY AND PURE WATER PIPELINES HOT WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM COMPRESSED AIR PIPELINES DRINK MANUFACTURING AND CONVEYING SYSTEM OTHER INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL PIPELINES https://www.google.com/#q =ppr+pipes+specification+s izes&tbm=isch

33. PPR PIPES AND ITS INSTALLATION • PPR PIPE IS KNOWN OF POLYPROPYLENE PIPE. IT IS USED IN MOST HOME IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS A WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE. http://www.hengxing- group.com/faq/products- knowledge/What-is-the-PPR-   

34. PPR PIPES AND ITS INSTALLATION http://www.hengxing- group.com/faq/products- knowledge/What-is-the-PPR-pipe.html   

35. INSTALLATION OF PPR PIPES http://www.hengxing- group.com/faq/products- knowledge/What-is-the-PPR-pipe.html   

36. PICTURE CLIPS SHOWING PPR PIPES AFTER BEING INSTALLED http://www.hengxing- group.com/faq/products- knowledge/What-is-the-PPR-pipe.html   

37. IRON PIPES • SOURCE:HTTP://WWW.123RF.COM/PHOTO_7606230_ VECTOR-COLLECTION-OF-DETAILED-CONSTRUCTION- PIECES-PIPES-FITTINGS-GATE-VALVE-FAUCET-ELLS.HTML They come in various shapes such as L- shape,T-shape,I-shape etc.

1. 38. IRON PIPES ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES • CAST IRON PIPE IS THE PREFERRED CHOICE FOR HANDLING HIGH PRESSURES AND LOADS OF WATER. • HOWEVER, THESE PIPES ARE VERY HEAVY AND IT REQUIRES SPECIFIC MEANS OF TRANSPORTATIONS. • THEY ARE CHEAPER IN COST, IT HAS HIGH RESISTANCE TO CORROSION, IT IS HIGHLY DURABLE. • IT IS ALSO NOT ADVISABLE TO USE CAST IRON PIPES IN INACCESSIBLE PLACES • BECAUSE OF THEIR HEAVY LOAD, THESE PIPES ARE MADE IN SHORTER LENGTHS. THIS EQUATES TO MORE JOINTING AND A MORE COMPLICATED LAYOUT.

39. IRON PIPES AND ITS INSTALLATION In this diagram L-shaped , T- shaped and Y-shaped iron pipes are used. Pipes are usually given a bend at places where needed. U-shaped pipes are used at places where a cleanout is needed. SOURCE:http://www.123rf.com/photo_76 06230_vector-collection-of-detailed- construction-pieces-pipes-fittings-gate- valve-faucet-ells.html

40. MANUFACTURING METHODS • HORIZONTALLY CAST (MC WARE PIPES) • VERTICAL CAST (PIT CAST IN SAND MOULDS) • CENTRIFUGALLY CAST IN SAND LINES MOULDS SPUN TYPE • CENTRIFUGALLY CAST IN WATER COOLED METAL MOULDS Now a days horizontally cast C.I. pipes are no longer used. Centrifugally cast pipes posses fine grained dense structure and uniform thickness and therefore they are widely used.

41. CUTTING METHODS FOR CAST IRON • CUTTING CAST IRON SOIL PIPE WITH A SNAP CUTTER GENERALLY CATOGARISED IN TWO. Require external power. require only hand operation. Examples of this type of equipment include the abrasive saw (sometimes called a chop saw).

42. JOINING METHODS FOR CAST IRON THREE TYPES:- • Compression Gaskets • Hubless Joints • Caulked Joints   

43. JOINING METHODS FOR CAST IRON COMPRESSION GASKET The compression gasket is a precision molded one-piece gasket that is made of an elastomer that meets the requirements of ASTM C-564. The physical characteristics of this elastomer ensures that the gasket will not decay or deteriorate from contact with the materials flowing in the pipe or chemicals in the soil or air around the pipe.   

1. 44. JOINING METHODS FOR CAST IRON • THE HUBLESS COUPLING SYSTEM TYPICALLY USES A ONE-PIECE NEOPRENE GASKET AND A SHIELD OF STAINLESS STEEL RETAINING CLAMPS. THE GREAT ADVANTAGE OF THE SYSTEM IS THAT IT PERMITS JOINTS TO BE MADE IN LIMITED-ACCESS AREAS. HUBLESS JOINT
2. 45. JOINING METHODS FOR CAST IRON ANY TIME CAULKED JOINTS ARE USED, SAFETY PROCEDURES SHOULD BE OBSERVED AND PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING SHOULD BE EMPLOYED. USE CUSTOMARY PRECAUTIONS IN USING OR HANDLING MOLTEN LEAD. IF A HORIZONTAL JOINT IS TO BE MADE, A POURING ROPE MUST BE USED TO RETAIN THE MOLTEN LEAD IN THE HUB. CAULKED JOINTS
3. 46. COPPER PIPES • BUT BECAUSE OF STEEL’S TENDENCY TO CORRODE OVER TIME, COPPER PIPES HAVE SUPERSEDED GALVANIZED STEEL AS THE METAL OF CHOICE DURING THE LAST 70 YEARS. COPPER FACES COMPETITION TODAY FROM PLASTICS SUCH AS PEX, PVC, AND CPVC, BUT IT STILL REMAINS A POPULAR CHOICE. WE’LL LOOK AT WHAT MAKES COPPER AN ATTRACTIVE CHOICE FOR PLUMBING—AND WHY SOMETIMES PLASTIC IS THE BETTER OPTION
4. 47. COPPER PIPES ADVANTAGES • Copper is a naturally corrosion-resistant metal. • Durable metal (capable of withstanding 1,000 psi of pressure), copper is also lightweight. • Easier to extend over long stretches without supports. DISADVANTAGE • Copper pipes also encounter problems from water acidity, so they are not good to install for plumbing systems that draw water from a well. • Costs more than plastic. • Copper is flexible as far as metals go, but plastic pipes can bend to fit into almost any space necessary.
5. 48. COPPER PIPES • CUTTING Small diameter pipes, up to 12 mm OD are best cut with a junior hacksaw but it is usually more convenient to use a tube cutter for 15, 22, 28 and 35 mm sizes. • Annealing It is sometimes necessary to anneal half-hard tube in the larger sizes, to facilitate specialist bending or forming. To achieve this, the tube is heated to a dull red heat (600°C) and is either allowed to air cool or may be quenched immediately in cold water. • Bending Copper tubes in the annealed or half-hard condition are easily bent by using bending techniques appropriate to the size and temper of the tubes
6. 49. COPPER PIPES TYPES OF FITTING Fittings fall into two main categories, capillary and compression types, with a new third category of push-fit and press-fit fittings. • Capillary fittings The capillary fitting utilizes the force of capillary action to ensure that molten solder, or brazing alloy, is drawn into the gap between the outside surface of the tube and the inside surface of the socket of the fitting to produce a very strong joint. The strength of the joint, when correctly made, is invariably stronger than the tube.
7. 50. COPPER PIPES • Jointing without fittings Copper tubes can be joined without using a fitting by expanding the end of one tube to form a socket and inserting the end of another tube of the same diameter. This is achieved by using a precision expander. Socket forming for equal diameter tubes Connections of tubes with different diameters ExpanderSocket joint Branched joint
8. 51. COPPER PIPES • Compression fittings Type “A” non-manipulative compression fittings. As the name implies, do not require any manipulation of the tube end prior to installation. The joint is made by tightening a compression ring or sleeve onto the outside of the tube when the compression nut is tightened onto the body of the fitting. This type of fitting can be used on straight lengths of half-hard tubing but only up to 12 mm OD on coiled annealed tubing unless a suitable supporting sleeve is provided. Type “B” manipulative compression fittings require the end of the tube to be flared, cupped or belled with a special forming tool after the end of the tube has been cut square. Type “B” Type “A” Compression ring Fitting body Compression nut Fitting body (gunmetal) Adaptor Compression ring Compression NUT
9. 52. CONCRETE PIPE Steel reinforced concrete pipe (SRCP) has a product life of 100 years or more - one of the best service lives of any pipe product. It is the low risk choice for specifies with a long history of reliability, no limits to weather exposure prior to installation and increasing strength over time. It is easy to join and install, self heals and performs soundly above or below the water table. Applications: • Transverse culverts • Stormwater drainage • Pressure and irrigation • Pipe jacking and micro-tunnelling
10. 53. CONCRETE PIPES Advantages of the reinforced concrete pipes are as follows: •Suitable for conveying all types of water; •Easy to install and with flexible joints; •Can withstand backfill pressure, as well as vehicle traffic loads taking place above it; •Because of the smooth inner surface, there are small friction losses; •They are available in different diameters ranging (300-1,500 m for the first type of pipe; 1,000-4,000 mm for the second type); •They are water tight and durable, even with cracks in the inner and outer coating layers The Disadvantages of reinforced concrete pipes are as follows: •It is necessary to conduct detailed studies regarding the pipe fittings, based on the specific project requirements; •They are heavy, with this feature being reflected in their transportation and installation costs; •It is difficult to re-establish the inner and outer pipe coating if it is damaged during repair works; •They require special care in its manufacturing, transportation and installation; •They may require grounding measures in some cases.
11. 54. CONCRETE PIPES
12. 55. LOADS ON BURIED PIPES WEIGHT ON MATERIAL The width of the trench is related to the size of the force, with a wider trench causing greater force. It is important not to exceed the width of the pipe trench. Correct Width Wider Trench = MORE SEVERE LOAD The width and depth of trenches to be excavated will depend on many factors including: Pipe size Type of soil and substrate Application and load (local road, highway, inter-allotment, etc) Pipe invert depth Pipeline direction (whether straight or deflecting around a curve)
13. 56. Pipe Laying Sequence The pipe laying sequence is normally conducted facing upstream, with the spigot end facing down-stream. The spigot ends are pushed into the socket end. Progress Push home
14. 57. JOINTS Joints have an in-wall rebated spigot and socket which is designed to resist water ingress/egress using rubber ‘v’ rings, see Figure Applying lube Rubber V-Ring Spigot Socket V-Ring faces the socket Gasket Goove Lubricant is a special compound that consists of a soft soap solution, which facilitates jointing of the rubber ring joint.
15. 58. THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF CRACKS OBSERVED ARE AS FOLLOWS: CIRCUMFERENTIAL CRACKING – TYPICALLY DUE TO INADEQUATE BEDDING AND HAUNCH SUPPORT, WHICH LEADS TO BENDING OF THE PIPE. THIS TYPE OF DAMAGE CAN ALSO BE CAUSED BY UNSTABLE TRENCH FOUNDATION AND WALLS Damage and Repairs Longitudinal cracking – typically due to over-loading of the pipe. Overload occurs when an extremely heavy wheel load is imposed or where there is not enough cover over the pipe.
16. 59. REPAIRING PIPE SECTIONS Repairing damaged concrete pipes is relatively straight forward as the material does not contain steel reinforcing and is easy to cut when using the right tools. Damaged sections can be cut-out and repaired using rubber repair collars RUBBER REPAIR REPLACEMENT SECTION   

60. ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES These pipes have been in use throughout the world since 1913. They are made of a mixture of 82-90% cement and 10-18% asbestos fibers. They are available in diameters ranging between 60-2,000 mm, and can withstand pressures ranging between 6-20 atmospheric pressures. These pipes are connected with separate special fittings. The use of asbestos pipes to convey potable water over the last two decades, due to increasing concern with their health hazards. However, they are still used to convey irrigation and sanitary drainage water. 
  
61. ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES The advantages of asbestos pipes are as follows: • They are resistant to wear and corrosion, thereby being useful in situations involving corrosive water or soil; • They have smooth internal surfaces, resulting in low friction losses; • They are easy to install and maintain; • The major raw material (cement) required for their manufacture is usually available locally. The disadvantages of asbestos pipes are as follows: •The asbestos material used in manufacturing the pipes represent a carcinogenic health hazard when used to transport water for human consumption. It also is a hazard during the manufacturing, installation and maintenance of the pipes; •The pipes have a low resistance to vibrations from vehicular traffic passing over them; •They have a low resistance to shocks, facilitating their breakdown during their loading, transportation, unloading and installation; •It is difficult to secure precise measurements of the thickness of the cylinder during the manufacturing process, as well as difficult to determine the required resistance to pressures; •There is a poor availability of fitting of the same material as the cylinder; •They cannot be used in loamy soil that expands, or in liquid soils.

1. 1. Building Materials and Construction

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
  

1. 2. PLUMBING The word “plumbing” comes from the Latin word plumbum for lead, as pipes were once made from lead.
2. 3.  Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, valve assemblies, and devices installed in a building for the distribution of water for drinking, heating and washing, and the removal of waterborne wastes, and the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures in such systems.  "Plumbing" is often denotes the supply and waste system of an individual building, distinguishing it from water supply and sewage systems that serve a group of buildings
3. 4. COMPONENTS  PIPES - PEX - Copper piping - PVC - Galvanized pipe - Brass - Cast Iron piping - Cement pipe  PIPE FITTINGS - Coupling - Reducer - Valves - Elbow - Unions - Tee - Cross - Cap - barb
4. 5. PIPES A hollow cylinder following certain dimension rules. Various types of pipes are described below:
5. 6. PEX  Flexible plastic piping.  Popular selection in residential and small business applications.  Slightly higher initial cost.  Minimum maintenance and fast installation process.  Leak free product offering advantages over copper piping.  Cannot be used in outdoor application as UV rays can damage its outdoor plastic layer.
6. 7.  Diameters of the following pipes shown below :
7. 8. COPPER PIPING  Copper piping is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems(heating, ventilation, and air conditioning).  There are two basic types of copper tubing : 1. Soft copper 2. Rigid copper
8. 9. Soft copper pipe  Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard/rigid, it is carefully annealed to make it soft again; it is therefore more expensive to produce than non- annealed, rigid copper tubing.  Most popular choice for refrigerant lines in split- system air conditioners and heat pumps.
9. 10. Rigid copper  Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines.  It is joined using a sweat, roll grooved,compression or crimped/pressed connection.  Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or around obstacles.  If heated and allowed to slowly cool in a process called annealing, rigid copper will become soft and can be bent/formed without cracking.
10. 11. PVC  PVC full name is Poly Vinyl Chloride.  Used for hot and cold potable water as well with sewage application.  Vary on their thickness and configuration depending on the application where to be used.  Example : pressure water pipes are not the same as sewer pipes and not the same as the ones used on storm drainage systems.
11. 12. Pvc (hot water) Pvc (cold water)
12. 13. GALVANIZED PIPING  Used several years ago.  Less frequent used now as rust can build up inside small diameter pipes.  If pipe is old, water coming from the faucet with rust traces can be seen.  Can be used to transport grey water or non- potable water.  Use for high temperature or pressure manufacturing processes.  Use in the petroleum industries.
13. 14. BRASS  Brass is an alloy made of copper and zinc.  The proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties.  Provide great rust resistance piping.  Made of 67% to 85% of copper.  Excellent for hot-water and large distribution systems such as pump fittings, water tanks and wells.  Generally comes in 12 foot straight lengths.
14. 15. PIPE FITTINGS Fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow. Various common fittings are described below :
15. 16. PIPE FITTINGS ELEMENTS
16. 17. COUPLING  A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing couple or reducer, or an adapter.
17. 18. REDUCER  A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the systems, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size.  Reducers are usually concentric but eccentric reducers are used when required to maintain the same top-or-bottom of pipe level.
18. 19. ELBOW  Installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90 degree or 45 degree.  When its two ends differ in size, the fitting is called reducing elbow.
19. 20. Types of elbows :  Long Radius (LR) Elbows – Radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter.  Short Radius (SR) Elbows – Radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter.  90 degree Elbow – Where change in direction required is 90 degree.  45 degree Elbow – Where change in direction required is 45 degree.
20. 21. 90 degree Elbow  Also called “90 bend” or “quarter bend”.  Attaches readily to plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead.  Available in materials like silicone, rubber compounds, galvanized steel, etc  It connects hoses to valves, water pressure pumps and deck drains.
21. 22. 45 degree Elbow  Also called “45 bend”.  Commonly used in water supply facilities, food industrial pipeline networks, chemical industrial pipeline networks, electronic industrial pipeline networks, air conditioning facility pipeline, etc.
22. 23. UNIONS  A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement.  Standard union pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a female end, and a male end.  When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then provide the necessary pressure to seal the joint  Since the mating ends of union are interchangeable, changing of a valve or other device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time
23. 24.  In addition to standard, simple unions, other types of unions exist: Dielectric unions : Unions with dielectric insulation, used to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized steel) to avoid he damaging effects of galvanic corrosion. Rotary unions : Unions that allow for rotation of one of the united parts.
24. 25. TEE  Available with all female thread sockets, all solvents weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads.  used to either combine or split a fluid flow.  T-shaped having two outlets at 90 degree to the connection to the main line.  Used for connecting pipe of different diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs.  Extensively used in pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid mixtures.
25. 26. CROSS  Also called four way fittings.  If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross.  It has one inlet and three outlet or vice versa.  They often have solvent welded sockets end or female threaded ends.  Common in fire sprinkler system due to their extra cost.
26. 27. CAP  A cap is used like plug, except that the pipe cap screws or attaches on the male thread of a pipe.  They may have a solvent weld socket end or a female threaded end and the other end closed off.  In plumbing systems that use threads, the cap have female threads.  If a solvent weld cap is used to provide for a future connection point, several inches of pipe must be left before the cap because when the cap is cut off for the future connection, enough pipe must remain to allow a new fitting to be glued onto it.
27. 28. BARB  Used to connect flexible hoses to pipe.  It has a male threaded end used to mate with the female thread.  The other end of the fitting has either a single or multiple barbed tube having a tapered stub with ridges, which is inserted into the flexible hose to secure it.  It can be made of plastic or brass.
28. 29.  Brass barb is used for hot water application while plastic barb is used for cold.  The barb can be either elbow shaped or straight.
29. 30. NIPPLE  In plumbing and piping, a nipple is a fitting, consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a male pipe thread at each end, for connecting two other fittings.
30. 31. VALVES  A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing or partially obstructing various passageways.  The various types of valves are: Ball valve Check valve Gate valve Zone valve Butterfly valve Locking valve Diaphragm valve Globe valve Pressure Balanced valve
31. 32. BALL VALVE  A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control flow through it.  In open position, hole in the sphere is in line with the pipe.  When closed, hole in the sphere is perpendicular to pipe.  Lever handle operates the valve and also serves as an indicator for whether the valve is open or closed.
32. 33.  Ball valves do not allow for precise flow control as they usually have positive stops(0, 45, 90 degrees), but they do provide a very good seal in the closed position.
33. 34. GATE VALVE  A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate out of the path of the fluid.  Controls water flow by raising or lowering the gate, which is generally a piece of metal.  Wheel or knob at the top of the gate valve is present that controls the height of the gate – this, in turn, affects the flow of water.  But unfortunately, the wheel doesn’t provide any indication of whether the valve is open or closed.
34. 35.  Not durable  Susceptible to corrosion, which will cause the valve to get stuck in the open or closed position
35. 36. BUTTERFLY VALVE  A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow.  The closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for quick shut off.  It is attached to a lever handle that rotates the disc, which adjusts the flow of water  Main drawback : control disc is always present within the flow of water(even when fully open) so there will always be a pressure drop when using them
36. 37.  Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less support is required
37. 38. DIAPHRAGM VALVE  Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of a valve body with two or more ports, a diaphragm, and a "weir or saddle" or seat upon which the diaphragm closes the valve.  Similar to gate valve.  In a diaphragm valve, the element is a diaphragm that settles down over a saddle, thus stopping water flow.  The diaphragm below is a weir-type diaphragm valve, where water passes over a weir.
38. 39.  There is also a straight-type diaphragm valve, which doesn’t force water over a weir  This valves are generally used as shutoff or stop valves
39. 40. GLOBE VALVE  A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.  Used to throttle or limit the flow of water.  Contains a stopper that is raised and lowered by a wheel or knob on a shaft.  Stopper seals into a baffle to stop flow.
40. 41. GLOBE VALVE MECHANISM
41. 42. CHECK VALVE  A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows to flow through it in only one direction.  Generally not operational.  Back-flow preventer is a type of check valve.  A ball-check valve uses a ball to stop the flow of water in wrong direction.  A diaphragm-check valve has a rotating disc or rubber flap that is pushed to seal the opening in the event of flow in the wrong direction.
42. 43.  A stop-check valve is operational and allows a user to completely stop all flow – even flow in the correct direction. It will not allow backward flow when open.
43. 44. PRESSURE BALANCED VALVE  A pressure-balanced valve provides water at nearly constant temperature to a shower or bathtub, despite pressure fluctuations in either the hot or cold supply lines.  Diaphragm within the valve allows the operator to set mixing of hot and cold water  Many jurisdictions require pressure balanced valves in domestic bathrooms and showers to prevent accidental scalding  If, for example, someone flushes a toilet while the shower is in use.

45. ZONE VALVE  A zone valve is a specific type of valve used to control the flow of water or steam in a hydronic heating or cooling system.  May be provided in different rooms, floors, or dwelling units so that each place can have local control over the heating or cooling.  Electrically controlled and are connected to a thermostat so that automatic control is achieved.
  
46. LOCKING VALVE  Almost any type of valve can be locked to avoid accidental or intentional opening or closing  Valves with lever-type handles allow for more secure locking control  Provide aligning holes so that lock can be passed to stop rotation of the handle  Locks preventing adjustment to non-locking valves are also designed .