Volume 2, Issue 1
PHOBIA AND ANXIETY TREATMENT BY TELEPHONE AND RADIO
The Final Results of a Replication of Callahan’s 1987 Study
Glenn Leonoff, Ph.D.
The replication of Callahan’s 1987 study has been
completed and the final results reveal an
astounding similarity in the findings of the two studies.
Radio listeners with phobias and anxiety states
were invited to call radio programs in order to
receive live-on-the-air treatment by the
investigators. The proprietary Voice
Technology(tm) pioneered by Callahan was
used as the method of application of TFT
treatment procedures by both Callahan and
Leonoff in their respective studies. Each
study included 68 subjects.
Consistent with the procedure of Callahan’s initial
study, the results of the present study include the
data for all callers who were treated, including
those whose treatments were interrupted due to
programming requirements before optimal
therapeutic results could be achieved. Callahan
used this stringent procedure in order to minimize bias.
Treatment effectiveness was measured by the
caller’s own report about their experienced
intensity of distress. Callahan used a ten-point
(1 to 10) Subjective Units of Distress (SUD)
rating scale while Leonoff used an eleven-
point (0 to 10) SUD scale.
Despite the less than ideal conditions of treating psychological disorders on radio programs, a remarkable
97 percent success rate was achieved by both investigators. A successful treatment was defined as an improvement
of two or more SUD points.
Callahan’s mean (average) pre-treatment distress
rating was 8.35 and his mean post-treatment
rating was 2.01, representing a 75.9 percent
improvement. Leonoff’s mean pre-treatment
distress rating was 8.19 and his mean
post-treatment rating was 1.59, representing a
75.2 percent improvement. Callahan achieved
his results in an average time of four minutes
and thirty-four seconds. Leonoff required an
average time of six minutes and four seconds.
As in Callahan’s study treatment time represented
the entire duration of talking to the caller until
treatment was completed, not just the actual
treatment time itself. Since treatment time
entailed the entire time spent in talking with a
caller prior to initiation of actual treatment, it is
believed that personal interaction styles of the
practitioners account for some of the difference
in these measures. A greater willingness to
engage in conversation with a caller prior to
initiating the actual treatment would have
resulted in a longer documented treatment time.
A more exact measure of actual treatment
duration would have been to measure only the
actual treatment time. Such a procedure would
have reflected the duration of actual treatment
time more accurately.
COMPARISON OF RESULTS BETWEEN THE CALLAHAN AND LEONOFF STUDIES
Summary Table
Callahan (1987)...... Leonoff (1996)
Number of Radio Programs ...23.....................36
Number of Subjects Treated ...68.....................68
Successfully Treated ...66....................66
Unsuccessfully Treated ...2 .....................2
Success Rate ...97% .............97%
Pre-Treatment Mean(Average)SUD Level ...8.35 ....................8.19
Post-Treatment Mean (Average) SUD Level ............ 2.01 ....................1.58
Mean (Average) Improvement in SUD Level ........... 6.34 ....................6.61
Mean (Average) Improvement Percent ................79.2% ................. 75.2%
Mean (Average) Treatment Time (Minutes) ........... 4:34 ....................6:04
The fact that these incredibly similar results were
achieved a decade apart by two independent
investigators with dissimilar professional
backgrounds and significant differences in their
experience and knowledge of TFT procedures,
provides strong support for the efficiency,
effectiveness and reliability of the TFT treatment
procedures.
Callahan was the pioneer and developer of these
revolutionary treatment procedures. He
undertook his study after approximately six
years of refining his methods. Leonoff
embarked on his study during the course of his
first year of study with Callahan. Thus, there
was a distinct difference between the two
investigators in their level of technical
knowledge, experience and theoretical
understanding of the TFT procedures. The
virtually identical therapeutic success
demonstrated by the two investigators is
an indicator of the power and predictability
of the TFT procedures despite the differing
levels of expertise between the investigators.
All the research data of this replication study is preserved on recorded audio tapes and available
for further scientific investigation.
The Callahan/Leonoff studies were not intended to investigate the duration of the achieved
therapeutic gains. Duration of treatment results
is an obviously important clinical issue for any
psychotherapeutic procedure. Research
concerning the duration of TFT treatment is an
important next step in the establishment of an
empirical basis for the efficacy of this procedure.
Hopefully, the robust findings of the two studies
will stimulate more extensive research which
will address the issue of duration of TFT results.
Preliminary research data supporting the duration of successful TFT treatment is provided by the
six month follow-up data from the Figley and
Carbonell study, “Active Ingredients in Efficient
Treatment of PTSD,” conducted at Florida State
University in 1995. According to the report
presented by of these two researchers at the
International Society for Traumatic Stress
Studies in Boston on November 3, 1995, TFT
treatment gains were maintained on six-month
follow-up. This research is expected to be
published during 1996. The Figley and
Carbonell data provide important
corroboration to clinical observations of the
enduring results of TFT. There is documented
clinical evidence of TFT therapeutic gains
holding for ten years or more.
A highly significant aspect of the Callahan/Leonoff research is that the demonstrated
psychotherapeutic success was achieved through a
procedure which is based on the diagnosis and
treatment of the little known body energy system.
The success of the TFT procedures represents a
change in the psychotherapeutic paradigm of psychology.
The diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of TFT
are founded on the identification of specific
imbalances in the body energy system as identified
through specific diagnostic assessment while the
subject is engaged in thinking about or
experiencing their particular psychological concern.
Briefly, it is hypothesized that the therapeutic
results of TFT demonstrate that the body energy
system is primary to human functioning and is the
foundational basis for biochemical, hormonal,
neurological and cognitive levels of human
functioning. This theoretical formulation is based
on the understanding in modern physics that
complex energy fields and their interrelationships
are the basis for all matter, including that of the
human organism. It is theorized that the stimulation of specifically defined points along the meridian
energy system transduces the physical energy
generated by the TFT tapping procedure into a
form of electromagnetic
energy which has a direct and positive impact on
the psychological thought field maintained by
the individual undergoing treatment.
The body energy system is generally little known and un-mastered in western clinical practice, there are isolated recognized pioneers who have ventured to study this level of our organism’s functioning and have reported findings with clear implications for the procedures and success of TFT.
In the 1940’s Harold Saxon Burr of Yale University provided strong evidence that the body is an energy system and that the state of this energy system is critically significant to the development
of living organisms.
Orthopedic surgeon, Robert O. Becker, M.D.
(1985), determined the significance of
electromagnetic energy fields to bone healing and
developed successful treatment methods based on
his findings. Through the application of electro-
magnetic fields he was able to restore natural
healing ability in the human organism in terms of
enabling bones which would not heal
spontaneously to heal under the influence of
governed energy fields. Another fascinating aspect
of Becker’s research with electromagnetic fields
enabled him to unleash regeneration of amputated
limbs in frogs. The extraordinary aspect of this
work was that frogs normally do not naturally
regenerate their lost limbs. Yet, treatments based
on the application of electromagnetic energy fields
actualized this healing potential.
The relevance of the body polarity state to human
health is dramatically demonstrated in a study by
Louis Langman, M.D., “The Implications of the
Electro-Metric Test in Cancer of the Female
Genital Tract.” This study was published in the
appendix of Burr’s (1972) book, Blueprint for
Immortality: The Electric Patterns of Life (1972),
Langman’s findings make a strong case for the
relationship between the well being of the human
organism and its polarity. In this study at the
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New
York University, College of Medicine Langman
found a dramatic difference in polarity between
woman with cellularly diagnosed cancer of the
genital tract and women with no diagnosis of
such cancer. Woman with diagnosed cancer had negative polarity in the genital tract 96% of the time as compared to woman with
no known malignancy who showed negative polarity only 5% of the time. This dramatic difference offers
further evidence for the importance of the energy system in the health of individuals. Unfortunately, there is
no known followup research to these findings.
After twenty years of research the eminent radiologist and former president of Nobel Laureate nominating
committee, Bjorn Nordenstrom (1983) of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden published, Biologically Closed
Electric Circuits: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for An Additional Circulatory System.
In essence, Nordenstrom postulated a circulatory energy system within the human body which he believes
to be as vital to human health as the circulatory blood system. This is a profound statement from such a renowned
western scientist. His research led him to believe that disturbances in the body energy system may
be involved in the development of cancer and other diseases. Nordenstrom has been successful in producing
complete remission from various types of cancers metastatic to the lung through the application of polarity
in electrical currents.
Pierre de Vernejoul (1985) at Nekker Hospital in Paris, France reported empirical evidence for the existence
of the meridian (energy) system. His research team injected radioactive technetium 99m into acupoints
and followed the isotope’s uptake with gamma-camera imaging. Their findings indicated the radioactive
substance migrated along the classical meridian pathways the Chinese had defined several thousand
years ago. Injection of the substance into random locations in the body revealed they followed no determined
pathway. The results suggested the meridian system is a separate morphological pathway.
Treatment procedures directed at the meridian system have been successfully applied not only by TFT but
by the disciplines of acupuncture and applied kinesiology. The demonstrated effectiveness of TFT offers
strong evidence for the significance of the meridian energy system relative to the rapid treatment of psychological
disorders.
In this era of efforts to find cost-saving health procedures and practices, TFT provides the type of efficient
and effective treatment procedures which can help to achieve such objectives in the field of mental health.
The three levels of training in TFT proficiency (Voice Technology(tm), Physical Assessment, Algorithm)
allow for relatively rapid training of practitioners who are able to provide effective treatment in a variety of
health service settings. TFT trained clinicians are able to have access to rapid telephone consultations for
clients with complex disorders from practitioners trained in the use of the proprietary Voice Technology(tm).
Such consultations provide for therapeutic support at the highest levels of proficiency for clinicians at all
levels of TFT training.
REFERENCES
Becker, R.O. and Selden, G. (1985). The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life.
William Morrow and Co., NY.
Burr, H.S. (1972). Blueprint for Immortality: The Electric Patterns of Life. Neville Spearman, London.
Callahan, R. (1987). Successful Treatment of Phobias and Anxiety by Telephone and Radio. Collected Papers of the International College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter.
De Vernejoul, P., et al. (1985). Etude Des Meridians D’Acupunture Par Les Traceurs Radioactifs, Bull.
Acad. Natle. Med, 169, 1071-1075.
Langman, L. (1972). The Implications of the Electro-Metric Test in Cancer of the Female Genital Tract. In Burr, H.S. Blueprint for Immortality: The Electric Patterns of Life. Neville
Spearman, London. 123-154.
Nordenstrom, B. (1983). Biologically Closed Electric Circuits: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical
Evidence for An Additional Circulatory System Nordic, Stockholm
Neville Spearman, London.
Callahan, R. (1987). Successful Treatment of Phobias and Anxiety by Telephone
PHOBIA AND ANXIETY TREATMENT BY TELEPHONE AND RADIO
The Final Results of a Replication of Callahan’s 1987 Study
Glenn Leonoff, Ph.D.
The replication of Callahan’s 1987 study has been
completed and the final results reveal an
astounding similarity in the findings of the two studies.
Radio listeners with phobias and anxiety states
were invited to call radio programs in order to
receive live-on-the-air treatment by the
investigators. The proprietary Voice
Technology(tm) pioneered by Callahan was
used as the method of application of TFT
treatment procedures by both Callahan and
Leonoff in their respective studies. Each
study included 68 subjects.
Consistent with the procedure of Callahan’s initial
study, the results of the present study include the
data for all callers who were treated, including
those whose treatments were interrupted due to
programming requirements before optimal
therapeutic results could be achieved. Callahan
used this stringent procedure in order to minimize bias.
Treatment effectiveness was measured by the
caller’s own report about their experienced
intensity of distress. Callahan used a ten-point
(1 to 10) Subjective Units of Distress (SUD)
rating scale while Leonoff used an eleven-
point (0 to 10) SUD scale.
Despite the less than ideal conditions of treating psychological disorders on radio programs, a remarkable
97 percent success rate was achieved by both investigators. A successful treatment was defined as an improvement
of two or more SUD points.
Callahan’s mean (average) pre-treatment distress
rating was 8.35 and his mean post-treatment
rating was 2.01, representing a 75.9 percent
improvement. Leonoff’s mean pre-treatment
distress rating was 8.19 and his mean
post-treatment rating was 1.59, representing a
75.2 percent improvement. Callahan achieved
his results in an average time of four minutes
and thirty-four seconds. Leonoff required an
average time of six minutes and four seconds.
As in Callahan’s study treatment time represented
the entire duration of talking to the caller until
treatment was completed, not just the actual
treatment time itself. Since treatment time
entailed the entire time spent in talking with a
caller prior to initiation of actual treatment, it is
believed that personal interaction styles of the
practitioners account for some of the difference
in these measures. A greater willingness to
engage in conversation with a caller prior to
initiating the actual treatment would have
resulted in a longer documented treatment time.
A more exact measure of actual treatment
duration would have been to measure only the
actual treatment time. Such a procedure would
have reflected the duration of actual treatment
time more accurately.
COMPARISON OF RESULTS BETWEEN THE CALLAHAN AND LEONOFF STUDIES
Summary Table
Callahan (1987)...... Leonoff (1996)
Number of Radio Programs ...23.....................36
Number of Subjects Treated ...68.....................68
Successfully Treated ...66....................66
Unsuccessfully Treated ...2 .....................2
Success Rate ...97% .............97%
Pre-Treatment Mean(Average)SUD Level ...8.35 ....................8.19
Post-Treatment Mean (Average) SUD Level ............ 2.01 ....................1.58
Mean (Average) Improvement in SUD Level ........... 6.34 ....................6.61
Mean (Average) Improvement Percent ................79.2% ................. 75.2%
Mean (Average) Treatment Time (Minutes) ........... 4:34 ....................6:04
The fact that these incredibly similar results were
achieved a decade apart by two independent
investigators with dissimilar professional
backgrounds and significant differences in their
experience and knowledge of TFT procedures,
provides strong support for the efficiency,
effectiveness and reliability of the TFT treatment
procedures.
Callahan was the pioneer and developer of these
revolutionary treatment procedures. He
undertook his study after approximately six
years of refining his methods. Leonoff
embarked on his study during the course of his
first year of study with Callahan. Thus, there
was a distinct difference between the two
investigators in their level of technical
knowledge, experience and theoretical
understanding of the TFT procedures. The
virtually identical therapeutic success
demonstrated by the two investigators is
an indicator of the power and predictability
of the TFT procedures despite the differing
levels of expertise between the investigators.
All the research data of this replication study is preserved on recorded audio tapes and available
for further scientific investigation.
The Callahan/Leonoff studies were not intended to investigate the duration of the achieved
therapeutic gains. Duration of treatment results
is an obviously important clinical issue for any
psychotherapeutic procedure. Research
concerning the duration of TFT treatment is an
important next step in the establishment of an
empirical basis for the efficacy of this procedure.
Hopefully, the robust findings of the two studies
will stimulate more extensive research which
will address the issue of duration of TFT results.
Preliminary research data supporting the duration of successful TFT treatment is provided by the
six month follow-up data from the Figley and
Carbonell study, “Active Ingredients in Efficient
Treatment of PTSD,” conducted at Florida State
University in 1995. According to the report
presented by of these two researchers at the
International Society for Traumatic Stress
Studies in Boston on November 3, 1995, TFT
treatment gains were maintained on six-month
follow-up. This research is expected to be
published during 1996. The Figley and
Carbonell data provide important
corroboration to clinical observations of the
enduring results of TFT. There is documented
clinical evidence of TFT therapeutic gains
holding for ten years or more.
A highly significant aspect of the Callahan/Leonoff research is that the demonstrated
psychotherapeutic success was achieved through a
procedure which is based on the diagnosis and
treatment of the little known body energy system.
The success of the TFT procedures represents a
change in the psychotherapeutic paradigm of psychology.
The diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of TFT
are founded on the identification of specific
imbalances in the body energy system as identified
through specific diagnostic assessment while the
subject is engaged in thinking about or
experiencing their particular psychological concern.
Briefly, it is hypothesized that the therapeutic
results of TFT demonstrate that the body energy
system is primary to human functioning and is the
foundational basis for biochemical, hormonal,
neurological and cognitive levels of human
functioning. This theoretical formulation is based
on the understanding in modern physics that
complex energy fields and their interrelationships
are the basis for all matter, including that of the
human organism. It is theorized that the stimulation of specifically defined points along the meridian
energy system transduces the physical energy
generated by the TFT tapping procedure into a
form of electromagnetic
energy which has a direct and positive impact on
the psychological thought field maintained by
the individual undergoing treatment.
The body energy system is generally little known and un-mastered in western clinical practice, there are isolated recognized pioneers who have ventured to study this level of our organism’s functioning and have reported findings with clear implications for the procedures and success of TFT.
In the 1940’s Harold Saxon Burr of Yale University provided strong evidence that the body is an energy system and that the state of this energy system is critically significant to the development
of living organisms.
Orthopedic surgeon, Robert O. Becker, M.D.
(1985), determined the significance of
electromagnetic energy fields to bone healing and
developed successful treatment methods based on
his findings. Through the application of electro-
magnetic fields he was able to restore natural
healing ability in the human organism in terms of
enabling bones which would not heal
spontaneously to heal under the influence of
governed energy fields. Another fascinating aspect
of Becker’s research with electromagnetic fields
enabled him to unleash regeneration of amputated
limbs in frogs. The extraordinary aspect of this
work was that frogs normally do not naturally
regenerate their lost limbs. Yet, treatments based
on the application of electromagnetic energy fields
actualized this healing potential.
The relevance of the body polarity state to human
health is dramatically demonstrated in a study by
Louis Langman, M.D., “The Implications of the
Electro-Metric Test in Cancer of the Female
Genital Tract.” This study was published in the
appendix of Burr’s (1972) book, Blueprint for
Immortality: The Electric Patterns of Life (1972),
Langman’s findings make a strong case for the
relationship between the well being of the human
organism and its polarity. In this study at the
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New
York University, College of Medicine Langman
found a dramatic difference in polarity between
woman with cellularly diagnosed cancer of the
genital tract and women with no diagnosis of
such cancer. Woman with diagnosed cancer had negative polarity in the genital tract 96% of the time as compared to woman with
no known malignancy who showed negative polarity only 5% of the time. This dramatic difference offers
further evidence for the importance of the energy system in the health of individuals. Unfortunately, there is
no known followup research to these findings.
After twenty years of research the eminent radiologist and former president of Nobel Laureate nominating
committee, Bjorn Nordenstrom (1983) of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden published, Biologically Closed
Electric Circuits: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for An Additional Circulatory System.
In essence, Nordenstrom postulated a circulatory energy system within the human body which he believes
to be as vital to human health as the circulatory blood system. This is a profound statement from such a renowned
western scientist. His research led him to believe that disturbances in the body energy system may
be involved in the development of cancer and other diseases. Nordenstrom has been successful in producing
complete remission from various types of cancers metastatic to the lung through the application of polarity
in electrical currents.
Pierre de Vernejoul (1985) at Nekker Hospital in Paris, France reported empirical evidence for the existence
of the meridian (energy) system. His research team injected radioactive technetium 99m into acupoints
and followed the isotope’s uptake with gamma-camera imaging. Their findings indicated the radioactive
substance migrated along the classical meridian pathways the Chinese had defined several thousand
years ago. Injection of the substance into random locations in the body revealed they followed no determined
pathway. The results suggested the meridian system is a separate morphological pathway.
Treatment procedures directed at the meridian system have been successfully applied not only by TFT but
by the disciplines of acupuncture and applied kinesiology. The demonstrated effectiveness of TFT offers
strong evidence for the significance of the meridian energy system relative to the rapid treatment of psychological
disorders.
In this era of efforts to find cost-saving health procedures and practices, TFT provides the type of efficient
and effective treatment procedures which can help to achieve such objectives in the field of mental health.
The three levels of training in TFT proficiency (Voice Technology(tm), Physical Assessment, Algorithm)
allow for relatively rapid training of practitioners who are able to provide effective treatment in a variety of
health service settings. TFT trained clinicians are able to have access to rapid telephone consultations for
clients with complex disorders from practitioners trained in the use of the proprietary Voice Technology(tm).
Such consultations provide for therapeutic support at the highest levels of proficiency for clinicians at all
levels of TFT training.
REFERENCES
Becker, R.O. and Selden, G. (1985). The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life.
William Morrow and Co., NY.
Burr, H.S. (1972). Blueprint for Immortality: The Electric Patterns of Life. Neville Spearman, London.
Callahan, R. (1987). Successful Treatment of Phobias and Anxiety by Telephone and Radio. Collected Papers of the International College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter.
De Vernejoul, P., et al. (1985). Etude Des Meridians D’Acupunture Par Les Traceurs Radioactifs, Bull.
Acad. Natle. Med, 169, 1071-1075.
Langman, L. (1972). The Implications of the Electro-Metric Test in Cancer of the Female Genital Tract. In Burr, H.S. Blueprint for Immortality: The Electric Patterns of Life. Neville
Spearman, London. 123-154.
Nordenstrom, B. (1983). Biologically Closed Electric Circuits: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical
Evidence for An Additional Circulatory System Nordic, Stockholm
Neville Spearman, London.
Callahan, R. (1987). Successful Treatment of Phobias and Anxiety by Telephone
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