Showing posts with label meridian. Show all posts
Showing posts with label meridian. Show all posts

Tuesday, October 31, 2017

Chapter 3 -“Anti-virus software” and the meridian system


“Anti-virus software” and the meridian system (“杀毒软件”与经络系统)

“Can Lajin cure tinnitus?” “Can it cure headaches?” “Diabetes?” “What about hypertension?” All these questions have one thing in common — they are asked in terms of “disease names”. Yet what I want to emphasize is that people should first ignore the “disease names”. When you are trying only to suppress symptoms, problems will arise. For instance, “hypertensive” patients try all they can merely to reduce blood pressure to standard levels; and “diabetic” patients try every possible means just to lower blood sugar levels. (“拉筋能治耳鸣吗?”“拉筋能治头痛吗?”“糖尿病?”“高血压呢?”这些问题都有一个共同点,都是以“病名”来问的。但我想强调的是,大家首先要忽略“病名”,当你一味地抑制症状时,问题就来了,比如“高血压”患者想尽一切办法只是为了把血压降到标准水平;“糖尿病”患者想尽一切办法只是为了降低血糖。)

People should realize that according to Chinese medicine, all diseases are complex diseases, i.e. diseases are all interrelated. Do not look at a “disease” as an isolated phenomenon; instead, treat related diseases altogether. I call it “carpet bombing”. And, whether there are diseases or not, just drop the bombs first, as there could be various potential diseases lurking in your body that you might not even be aware of. Diseases that are detectable by modern medicine are just tip of the iceberg, there are many more yet to be detected. Often times, medication against one disease leads to onset of other diseases. However, what frequently happens with Paida and Lajin is that: when one disease is targeted, other diseases are cured as well. I encountered this when I cured some gynaecological disorders by chance while treating people with other diseases. I have thus become a “gynaecological expert” without realizing it. It is indeed quite amusing. (人们应该认识到,中医认为,一切疾病都是复合病,也就是疾病都是相互关联的。不要把一种“病”当作一个孤立的现象,而要把相关的疾病一起治,我把这叫做“地毯式轰炸”。不管有病没病,先扔炸弹,你的身体里可能还潜伏着各种你不知道的潜在疾病。现代医学能发现的疾病只是冰山一角,还有更多的疾病没有被发现。很多时候,治好了一种病,其他的病也跟着来了。然而,拍打拉筋经常发生的是,治好了一种病,其他的病也跟着好了。我就遇到过这种情况,我在给别人看病时,偶然治好了妇科病,就此不知不觉地成了“妇科专家”,说起来,还挺有意思。)

The human body has an innate “self-healing system” that cannot be seen or touched; it is known in Chinese medicine as the meridian system (system of energy channels). In Western medicine, it might be described as the “nervous system” or the “urinary system”. Chinese medicine holds that where ‘Qi’ flows smoothly, there will be natural blood flow”, and the actual work of driving blood flow is done by “Qi”. Furthermore, “Qi” is not visible to the naked eye, but cutting-edge scientific instruments can now detect the existence of “Qi”. I have a physicist friend named Zhang Changlin, whose book Invisible Rainbow elaborates on scientific proof of the existence of “Qi”. (人体具有与生俱来的看不见、摸不着的“自愈系统”,中医称之为经络系统,西医称之为“神经系统”或“泌尿系统”。中医认为“气行则血行”,而真正推动血行的是“气”。另外,“气”虽然肉眼看不见,但先进的科学仪器可以探测到“气”的存在。我有一个物理学家朋友,张长林,他的《看不见的彩虹》一书详细阐述了“气”存在的科学依据。)

When practicing Paida and Lajin, we are actually activating the “anti-virus software” in our body, i.e. the self-healing power. Once activated, it scans the entire body to cleanse all stagnant or blocked meridians. That is why one feels such sensations as soreness, numbness, swelling, pain, itchiness, cold, heat, etc. during the process. One feels pain where meridians are blocked. Where there is a minor obstruction (like a narrowed water pipe), when the “anti-virus software” is activated through Paida and/or Lajin, “Qi” will move faster and you will feel some numbing and swelling sensations; sometimes, all the sensations of soreness, numbness, swelling, and itchiness will sweep over you; sometimes, you will feel a warm sensation after the meridians are cleared; sometimes, you can even feel the cold being expelled from your body. (我们拍打拉筋的时候,其实就是启动了身体的“杀毒软件”,也就是自愈能力,它启动之后会扫描全身,把淤堵的经络都清理掉,所以才会有酸、麻、肿、痛、痒、冷、热等感觉。经络不通的地方就会有疼痛的感觉。如果有一点堵塞(比如水管变窄),拍打拉筋启动“杀毒软件”之后,“气”就会运行得更快,会有麻、肿的感觉;有时候酸、麻、肿、痒的感觉全都来了;有时候经络打通了,会有温热的感觉;有时候甚至能感觉到寒气从身体里排出来。)

People are accustomed to treating a disease as an isolated phenomenon, and are prone to being misled by the disease name; they only want to get rid of the disease without being otherwise bothered. Unfortunately, this is not the way to treat diseases.
Then, what should be done? Remember the analogy of “anti-virus software” I just mentioned? (人们习惯于把疾病当成一个孤立的现象,容易被疾病的名称误导,只想摆脱疾病,而不去理会其他事情。不幸的是,这并不是治疗疾病的方法。那么,该怎么办呢?还记得我刚才提到的“杀毒软件”的比喻吗?)


Whenever I am asked if this or that disease can be cured, my answer would be, “Please remember anti-virus’! ‘anti-virus’!” By that, I mean in treatment of diseases, we should target the entire body, as a holistic system. Try to recall which meridian hurts most when doing Lajin, the Urinary Bladder Meridian, right? That’s the one located behind the knees. It runs from head to toe, and is the largest detoxification channel in our body. Cleansing this meridian cures numerous diseases, such as lower back and leg pain, liver problems, kidney disorders, gynaecological disorders, prostate disorders and so on. This is because the Urinary Bladder Meridian is linked to the lower back and legs, and is connected to the Spleen, Liver and Kidney Meridians. Some people can neither straighten the raised leg on the Lajin bench, nor can they have the lowered leg touch the ground. This indicates problems with the Urinary Bladder, Liver, Spleen, and Kidney Meridians. There are three “yin” meridians (the Spleen, Liver, and Kidney Meridians) along the inner side of the legs, and once cleared, diabetes, hypertension, gynaecological and prostate disorders will all be cured. Some people like to slap the Gall Bladder Meridian on the outer side of the legs; actually, it is more crucial to Paida the inner side of the thighs, which will deliver benefits that you may have never expected. (每当有人问我这个病那个病能不能治好的时候,我的回答都是:“请记住‘抗病毒’!‘抗病毒’!”我的意思是治病要从全身着眼,整体着眼。大家回忆一下拉筋的时候最疼的经络是膀胱经,对吧?就是膝盖后面的那个经络,从头到脚,是身体最大的排毒通道。疏通这个经络可以治很多病,比如腰腿痛、肝病、肾病、妇科病、前列腺病等等。因为膀胱经通腰腿,又通脾经、肝经、肾经。有些人在拉筋凳上抬起的腿不能伸直,放下的腿也不能碰到地。 这表明膀胱、肝、脾、肾经有问题。腿部内侧有三条“阴”经(脾、肝、肾经),一旦疏通,糖尿病、高血压、妇科病和前列腺病都会好起来。有些人喜欢拍打腿部外侧的胆经;实际上,拍打大腿内侧更为重要,这将带来你可能从未想过的好处。)

I recently discovered an additional type of disease that can be treated with Lajin. Guess what can be most effectively treated among males, especially in older men? The answer is prostate disorders. A leader with the Department of Retired Officials told me that over 90% of the retired officials have prostate problems. They would travel great distances looking for all sorts of remedies, but the effects were only temporary. However, by practicing Paida and Lajin, the efficacy is almost immediate, and the effective rate is above 90%. (最近我发现一种病可以用拉筋来治疗,你猜什么病对男性,特别是老年男性最有效?答案就是前列腺疾病。一位离退休干部局的领导告诉我,离退休干部90%以上都有前列腺问题,他们不远千里去找各种药,但效果都比较短暂,而拍打拉筋则立竿见影,有效率在90%以上。)

Why does Huang Di Nei Jing place so much emphasis on meridians? Because by cleansing meridians, health problems can be solved once and for all. But how come some people give up on meridian therapies shortly after applying knowledge of the meridian system in treatment of diseases? The answer is that the meridian system is quite complex, and that the number of acupoints along the meridians makes it an even greater challenge. Thus people find it hard to even start. This is the reason why I have chosen Lajin, because in Lajin, once the key principle is grasped, the rest will fall in place. The truest path is the simplest. The Lajin method may appear simple, but it stretches and clears all the meridians. Stretch as much as you can, and the pain will target blockages along the meridians. The moment you activate this “anti-virus software”, it starts to scan your entire body, carrying out diagnosis and treatment at the same time. Self-healing is that simple! (《黄帝内经》为什么重视经络?因为疏通经络,健康问题就能一劳永逸地解决。但为什么有些人在运用经络知识治病后不久就放弃了经络疗法呢?因为经络系统非常复杂,经络上的穴位众多,难度更大,让人难以下手。这也是我选择拉筋的原因,因为拉筋只要掌握了要点,其他的就都水到渠成了。真正的道,其实就是最简单的。拉筋的方法看似简单,但却是把所有的经络都拉通了,你能拉多大,痛就痛在经络上的堵塞处。当你启动这个“杀毒软件”的那一刻,它就开始扫描你的全身,一边诊断,一边治疗,自愈就是这么简单! )

Saturday, October 28, 2017

The Chinese 12 Meridians Chart

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Central Meridian
Start - Pubic bone
Finish - Bottom off

Governing Meridian
Start - Tailbone (from behind via back and rise to the back of head)
Finish - Top of lip

Spleen Meridian
Start - Inside big toe
Finish - Bottom of ribcage

Heart Meridian
Start - Under armpit
Finish - Pinky finger (outside)

Small Intestine Meridian
Start - Baby finger
Finish - Opening of ear

Stomach Meridian
Start - Under eyes
Finish - second toes

Bladder Meridian
Start - Between eye brows
Finish - Off baby toe

Kidney Meridian
Start - Under ball of foot
Finish - K27 
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Pericadium Meridian /Circulation(Sex Meridian)
Start - Outside of nipple
Finish - Middle finger (inside)

Triple Warmer Meridian
Start - Ring finger
Finish -Temples

Gall Bladder Meridian
Start - Outer eye brow
Finish - 4th toe

Liver Meridian
Start - Inside big toe
Finish - Ribs under nipple

Large Intestine Meridian
Start - Pointer finger
Finish - Flare of nose

Lung Meridian
Start - Over lung
Finish - Straight off thumb

What is the value of tracing your meridians? When meridians become unbalanced…


What is the value of tracing your meridians? When meridians become unbalanced, they can carry too much or too little energy to the organs, and they can create emotional havoc. Tracing them smooths and evens the flow of energy throughout the meridian system. The result is optimal health and well being. Donna Eden says in her book Energy Medicine, "As you pass your hand over a meridian, you are aligning your hand's energies with the meridian's energies, like the moon pulling the tide." 

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The Body Meridians
Two Centerline Meridians:
Conception Vessel
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Governing Vessel

Twelve(12) Principal Meridians:
1. Stomach Meridian
2. Spleen Meridian
3. Small Intestine Meridian
4. Heart Meridian
5. Bladder Meridian
6. Kidney Meridian
7. Pericadium Meridian
8. Triple Warmer Meridian
9. Gall Bladder Meridian
10. Liver Meridian
11. Lung Meridian
12. Large Intestine Meridian
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Sunday, April 30, 2017

TUNING THE THOUGHT FIELD

As you will discover, when you go along, you need more than the right algorithm for TFT to work. An equally crucial part of the therapy involves "tuning the Thought Field" -- that is, thinking about your emotional problem as you are treating it. Remember, the perturbation is what you are targeting, and since it is contained in the Thought Field, you need to access it by thinking about the psychological upset in your life.

  To tune a Thought Field, you don't have to concentrate. The process simply involves intentionally thinking about the problem that is causing you so much distress. As you proceed through the algorithm, you'll need to focus your attention on the person, the event, the situation, or whatever else is associated with your emotional upset, but it won't take any unusual effort. 

  Tuning the Thought Field may actually upset you; in fact, it probably will. If you're grieving over the death of a close friend, for example, or if you're absolutely petrified of dogs, shifting all of your attention to this problem or situation will understandably  make you sad, afraid, upset, or distressed. As that happens, a cascade of psychological activity -- will be triggered. These uncomfortable feelings and experiences can be strong enough to leave you wondering (albeit briefly) whether this is all worth it. But consider it a short-term "sacrifice" worth making. After all, this kind of psychological and physiological response indicates that one or more powerful perturbations are present in that Thought Field and need to be eliminated. While you may be feeling distressed and agitated for a few minutes as you tune the Thought Field and begin to implement the algorithm, thepayoff is that the emotional problem should literally disappear in minutes. The therapy wouldn't be effective if you didn't think about the problem that is causing so much pain. You can't treat a Thought Field unless it's tuned. 

  No doubt this is very different from any other treatment you're familiar with. When you undergo acupuncture, for example, "thought tuning" is not required. Nor is it required by mainstream physicians or chiropractors. These practitioners don't care what you're thinking about when you're under their care or during treatment. Your dentist doesn't ask you to concentrate on your molars while he or she is filling a cavity; your teeth aren't going to respond to the treatment any differently, no matter what's on your mind. In these cases, what you're thinking about is irrelevant. At times, I've challenged skeptics to test this notion by having patients use the algorithms when they are not tuning the Thought Field -- and then to repeat the process while tuning. What a difference!

  As you tune the Thought Field while stimulating the appropriate meridians, you can literally eliminate the negative emotion by collapsing  the perturbation that is the source of the psychological turmoil -- and you can do it within minutes. The fear of heights that may have plagued you for decades . . . the distress over the death of a parent years earlier . . . all of that emotional upset will be gone, usually for good. 

  After successful TFT treatment, you will notice that you are no longer distressed. Some people erroneously believe that this is because they simply aren't thinking of the problem anymore. This is a typical reaction, but you should know that it is impossible to say the words "I cannot think about the problems" without in fact thinking about it. After the TFT treatment, you no longer can get upset while thinking about the same problem. That's because the problem is gone. 

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The brain subconsciously senses an innate  fear stimulus and a fear response is generated. The individual is on a bridge, then the bridge becomes encoded as a conditioned stimulus that can activate the CE via the innate stimulus association. The memory of the bridge is stored and when brought to conscious awareness becomes a conditioned stimulus that can generate a fear response. 

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HEALING WITH ALGORITHMS (THOUGHT FIELD THERAPY)(TFT)

If you've tried traditional psychotherapy to treat your emotional problems, a healing algorithm may be a difficult concept to grasp. many of my patients initially respond this way -- until they try it. Again, the key element of each algorithm is tapping particular points on the human body, selected from among twelve (12) major points located along the energy meridians. Remember, these brief recipes are different for each emotional disorder -- that is, there is a distinct tapping sequence for resolving phobias, anothe one foe "love pain," and so on. In that sense, each algorithm is like a custom-tailored suit rather than one bought off the rack; it is designed specifically for a particular type of psychological distress. the specificity of TFT opens the door to recovery time after time. The healing energy is already contained within the human body, just waiting to be accessed by the correct algorithm that can release it and stimulate a full recovery. 

  Keep in mind that these targeted recipes were not created by intuition or a trial-and-error process. They have grown out of careful evaluation of the scientific evidence -- my own and that of other practitioners. In recent years, they have been refined through a complex procedure called Causal Diagnosis, which has become an integral part of TFT. 


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Example:
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It is a method by which we can determine with precision the "code" responsible for producing and healing a particular psychological problem. Remember, every algorithm -- in fact, each portion of every algorithm -- has been tested before being incorporated into the healing technique. At times, I've felt something like Thomas Edison when he tried many different filaments before finding the one that worked. in TFT, the final arbiter has been the reality of whether patients get better.  And ultimately, nearly all of them do. 


TAPPING INTO THE BODY'S ENERGY



I have already mentioned the role of the human body's energy system in Thought Field Therapy (TFT). This program draws  upon Eastern tradition and its understanding of the presence and importance of energy in the human body. Let's look at the science behind it a little more closely.

  The Chinese use the term qi ( pronounced "chee") to describe the vital life energy. When the flow of this qi energy becomes blocked or imbalanced, according to the Chinese belief, it can trigger physical illnesses. Just as acupuncturists have developed ways to eliminate pain and promote physical healing by manipulating energy flow along a network of so-called meridians, or pathways, throughout the human body, It has been shown that these energy pathways can be accessed in order to heal emotional distress. 

  The human body's energy system has not been ignored by Western researchers, who have applied hard science to this ancient knowledge. As far back as the 1940s, Harold Saxon Burr of Yale University hypothesized that an internal energy system was key to human and all living things. Robert o. Becker, M.D., an orthopedic surgeon, used electromagnetic energy fields to stimulate the natural healing of broken bones and found that electromagnetic fields could be use to help regenerate amputated limbs in frogs. 

  Some of the most intriguing research was conducted by Dr. Bjorn Nordenstrom, a prominent Swedish scientist and radiologist and former president of the Nobel prize nominating committee. [ About Dr. Nordenstrom work, click here and here to watch youtube video]
In studies spanning two decades, he actually documented the existence of these electrical circuits in the human body. Dr. Bjorn Nordenstrom's interest in this area started when he observed a halo around malignant lung tumors and began looking for an explanation for this phenomenon. He identified a circulatory energy system in the human body, which he felt was just as significant to physical well-being as the blood circulation system. He demonstrated that electric circuits are carried by the interstitial spaces (the spaces between cells)and the blood vessels, and he believed that disruptions in the human energy system may play a role in the development of diseases as serious as cancer. He began cutting-edge research in which patients with metastatic cancer who were believed to be terminal were treated with applications of electrical currents -- with promising results. Another researcher, French biochemist Jacques Hauton, wrote that  Dr. Nordenstrom's findings led him to conclude that the electrical system"is not only as complex as the circulation of blood, but it also ....... intervenes in all physiology activity."

  In 1995, Pierre de Vernejoul provided concrete evidence that the meridian network does exist. He and his team of investigators injected non-harmful radioactive technetium 99m into the arms and legs of human volunteers at the sits of commonly used acupuncuture points along the meridian system. Then they used gamma-camera imaging to track the flow of this injected material. They found that the radioactive isotope traveled specifically along the meridian pathways that the Chinese had identified thousands of years ago. By contrast, when the substance was injected randomly elsewhere in the human body, it did not move along any specific internal pathway. The bottom line: The meridian system is an actual, clearly defined network -- the same one the Chinese have been using for millennia. 

  Thus, the energy system used in Thought Field Therapy is genuine, not some mystical notion. Every perturbation in the Thought Field is associated with a specific energy meridian. My own research has shown that the meridian system is a governing force in controlling and healing the disturbing emotions. Best of all, this system can be accessed by TFT. This is true whether the psychological problem is anxiety, trauma, addictions, panic attacks, phobias, anxiety, anger, jealousy, or depression. More recently, we've learned that TFT seems capable of producing physical healing as well. By tapping on specific points along the human body's energy meridians, re-balancing and healing can take place at the most fundamental level, weakening and eliminating the underlying negative emotion or physical ailment. AS the stimulation from this tapping influences the internal electromagnetic energy, it has a direct effect on the Thought Field and the perturbation associated with the problem being treated. 

  As you learnt he self-administered algorithms that are key to Thought Field Therapy, you will tap on points along these energy meridian that have been chosen specifically for the particular emotional (or physical) distress you're having, and sequenced in a specific way, like the order of a combination lock. If the sequence is wrong or the points are inappropriate, the lock won't open; but if they are correct sequenced and tapped, healing will occur, rapidly and usually permanently. The "recipe" for each problem has been initially validated on hundreds and, in some cases, even thousands of people and is now widely accepted and used as an algorithm. Each can achieve predictable results in patient after patient. 


THE ANATOMICAL REALITY OF ACUPUNCTURE CHANNELS: CONNECTIVE TISSUE? 
Posted on January 13, 2013 by Boyd Bailey, L.Ac.

Way back in 1992, 3 French guys submitted a paper to a prominent acupuncture journal detailing a unique experiment.  They injected 250 healthy folks and 80 with kidney disease with a radioactive tracer at a common acupuncture point on the inner ankle associated with kidney function (Kidney-7) and used a gamma camera to track its migration.

Low and behold the techetium-99m (99mTc) flowed exactly along the traditionally known Kidney Channel in both groups. Apparently they ruled out the possibility that this migration, this flow of the radioactive isotope was either vascular or lymphatic, but rather along connective tissue planes.

This would seem a groundbreaking discovery, and so my question for you, dear reader- especially y’all in the field – is WHY we’ve not heard more about this, why similar studies have not been performed, why the lack of follow-up? Or perhaps there has been… In which case please enlighten me!

A Study on the Migration of Radioactive Tracers after Injection at Acupoints

Objective: This paper reports on the authors’ investigation of the pathways of acupuncture meridians in the human body through the injection of radioactive tracers (isotopes) at acupuncture points.

Design: The radioactive tracer used was the most common radioactive tracer, techetium-99m (99mTc), as sodium pertechnetate. The experiment was conducted with a gamma camera, a Siemens SAM (small-area mobile) digital scintillation camera. Image analysis was conducted by a computer system built into the camera. Morphological studies and quantitative dynamic studies were conducted.

The morphological studies consisted of analytical and differential studies. For the analytical studies, the radioactive tracer is injected at a control point located outside any acupoint. Then, another injection is given at an acupoint.

The differential analysis was conducted in order to establish the specific and unique characteristics of the pathways observed in the analytical studies and thus eliminate a vascular or lymphatic explanation. To investigate the vascular pathways, two radiotracers of different energies and therefore discernible by spectrometry were utilised: Technetium-99m was injected as an acupoint and Thallium (201TI) was injected in a small vein situated next to that acupoint. To study the possible relationship between the lymphatic pathways and those demonstrated by the radiotracer, the same dose (20 MBq) and volume (0.05ml) of pertechnetate was simultaneously injected at an acupoint and the first interdigital space of the foot. A quantitative study of the previous data was conducted after selecting two mirror regions of identical shape and size on the leg along the Liver meridian (an acupuncture meridian) and similar “background noise regions” outside the pathways.

Sequential study and stimulation studies were conducted as part of quantitative dynamic studies. The goal of the sequential study was to evaluate the speed of radiotracer migration along preferential pathways. In healthy control subjects and patients with unilateral renal pathology, two sodium pertechnetate injections of identical volume and activity were given simultaneously at the left and fight acupoints K-7. In the stimulation study, mechanical, electrical, and thermal stimulation were performed on certain acupoints after the injection of radiotracers to study the migration of the radiotracers.

Laboratory experiments conducted in collaboration with the Cytology Laboratory of the Military Hospital of Percy in Paris tested modifications of granulocyte membrane potentials during stimulation of an acupoint using either a needle or a laser beam. The cell membrane potential was measured with a fluorometric method on blood sampled one minute after the end of injections or stimulation’s, and compared with control blood from the same subject.

Setting: The work was conducted on patients from the Department of Urology and from the Acupuncture Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine from the Necker Hospital in Paris. Each experiment was repeated several times.

Patients and Other Participants: The work was conducted on over 250 healthy control subjects and on 80 patients with renal pathology.

Main Outcome Measures: The authors expected to find that the preferential pathways taken by the radiotracers coincide with the acupuncture meridians as described in Chinese traditional medicine and that these pathways are distinguishable from either lymphatic or vascular mutes.

Results: Morphological studies found those tracer migrations from acupoints in both healthy and sick patients followed the same identical pathways with those described as “meridians” in Chinese traditional medicine. The results suggest that these pathways are different from vascular and lymphatic pathways.

The quantitative dynamic studies found that in injections at bilateral K-7, there was a faster diffusion on the healthy side, and slower diffusion on the diseased side. In inflammatory organ disease, there was increased migration speed of the radiotracer in the meridian of the related organ. A reduced tracer migration speed is indicative of a degenerative disease, such as cancer. Such findings could be used as the basis of a therapeutic evaluation or diagnosis. The laboratory experiments with cell membranes suggests that acupoint stimulation could be used to provoke constant and reproducible change in cellular physiology.

Conclusion: The migration speed and patterns of a radioactive tracer along pathways which coincide with the Chinese acupuncture meridians show that these routes have neither a vascular nor a LYMPHATIC origin. These pathways are very likely related to the connective tissue diffusion following the neurovascular bundles along the extremities. Findings suggest the hypothesis of the intervention of a neurochemical mechanism in information transmission.”

American Journal of Acupuncture, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1992
Writers: Jean-Claude Darras, Pierre de Vernejoul, and Pierre Albarhde; C.H.U. Necker – Enfants Malades, F-75 743 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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