The Process and Effects of Human Body Dehydration

Most people have experienced the dry mouth or slight twinge of a headache that usually signals the need for fresh water, but few people are aware of the actual process that takes us to the point of dehydration. It all starts with the hypothalamus, the gland responsible for a number of functions, including:
~ Hormone production.
~ Body temperature regulation.
~ Constant evaluation and maintenance of the human body's fluid balance.


  All three of these functions play roles in the process of keeping the body hydrated. When the hypothalamus detects too little water in the blood, it signals to the pituitary gland to release an anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).





The ADH signals the kidneys to minimize their process of removing water from the blood while returning as much fluid as possible into the bloodstream. Once the kidneys pump the brakes on water extraction and instead focus on returning water content to the blood, the need to urine lessens and urine becomes more concentrated, thus the darker yellow hue that is a common indicator of dehydration. Once this process has reached a point where the blood volume is adversely affected, the brain signals thirst, and you feel the urge to drink water. Note that the first thirst signal was triggered when the body is already 2 percent dehydrated. If the process is prolonged, when you do not drink any fresh water right away, the percentage of water in the blood drops, leading to a reduced blood volume, this in turn leads to a drop in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate, both of which are detrimental to all of the cells, as well as the organs and systems throughout the human body.
As the process of becoming dehydrated continues to pile stress on the cardiovascular system, the supply and delivery to the brain is reduced, resulting in headaches, fatigue, inability to concentrate, sleepy, and fluctuations in mood. Once enough fresh water is consumed, though, the body is able to replenish the blood, cells, organs, and systems with the hydration they require, the human body can function as intended again.

HOW TO DEAL WITH BACK PAIN & RHEUMATOID JOINT PAIN.

 About the Author
  Dr. Fereydoon Batmanghelidj ( "Batman-ge-lij" ー who did not wish to be licensed for "practice of pharmaceutically oriented and invasive medicine in the U.S.") received formal medical training at St. mary'd Hospital Medical School (London University). He research into the phenomenon of pain and water metabolism of the human body has dictated a paradigm change in the basic understanding of science applied to the practice of medicine. His views are published in scientific journals. The underlying principles of the recommendations in his treatment procedures are the most current knowledge of anatomy and the science of physiology.
    Since a highly significant and basic paradigm change is the practice of medicine, in the face of very stiff commercial and professional resistance, will be difficult to institute unless there is a concurrent public educational program to force the change, it has become necessary to begin a highly coordinated public awareness program. The author believes: " To end major diseases in earth within two decades is now a possibility. A paradigm change in the science of medicine will do it, but the public must demand the change. the time to act is now." - 1991, F. Batmanghelidj.

  For production of educational materials for public, under legal advisement, it became necessary to establish Global Health Solutions Inc.*, a legally independent enterprise. This self-treatment manual, How to Deal Simply with Back Pain & Rheumatoid Joint Pain, and the videotape How to Deal with Back Pain  are the first of these educational products. 


*NOTE: About Us: Global Health Solutions
Global Health Solutions, GHS, a worldwide publishing house, founded and developed by F. Batmagnhelidj, M.D., the world's foremost medical researcher on the medical properties of water, is a center of education for those who prefer to adhere to the logic of the natural and the simple in medicine.
GHS is dedicated to spreading the information of new science in medicine and promoting the public awareness of the hidden wonders of natural, simple, pure water in improving the public health and well-being.
GHS publishes Dr. F. Batmanghelidj¡'s pioneering work on dehydration that identifies different health problems caused by persistent dehydration of the human body - a totally different perspective to the cause and cure of many human diseases until now thought to be incurable.
Dr. B's two decades of research revealed a simple truth that unintentional chronic dehydration can cause diseases; it also demonstrated that many of the chronic degenerative diseases are preventable, and some of them can even be cured by increasing daily water intake. Dr. B's groundbreaking work provides new knowledge and new possibilities for improving and maintaining good health that the public need and deserve to know.
GHS is proud to be the publisher of all of Dr. B's six books in the series of You're Not Sick, You're Thirsty, as well as some of his most informative and inspiring public lectures and seminars in audio-visual formats.
GHS is committed to fulfilling Dr. B's mission - a mission to educate the public about the truth of dehydration so that we will not become unnecessarily over-drugged; to promote the public awareness of the healing powers of water so that we can become healers of our own bodies; to transform the expensive sick-care system so that we can have a more nature-friendly, people-friendly health care system.

LOOK INSIDE THE BOOK, CLICK HERE. 

How to Deal with Back Pain and Rheumatoid Joint Pain is a practical manual based on the author's many years of research and numerous clinical observations. The book introduces a new medical technology to treat and prevent back pain and rheumatoid joint pain. 

* Learn the vital information on the mechanics behind your spinal column, the role of the disc and its needs for water. 

* Learn the simple body movement that will promote fluid circulation in the disc spaces that will result in relief of the back pain and sciatic pain. 

* It is simple, safe and inexpensive. 

Don't hate yourself for missing out on this information.

The Cell
Let us take a  look at the most basic life-generating element in the human body, the cell. The cell is  surrounded by a very thin outer "skin" or membrane that protects it from being flooded by unregulated entry of water, salt, sugar, fats and many other elements that constitute the serum solution that is outside the cell wall.
  Since the cell is constantly bathed in serum solution, it regulates its intake and output by means of many, many small pumping units. Fluid inside the cells should be neutral, neither too acidic nor too alkaline; it has a pH of 7.4 under normal circumstance. The way this neutral pH maintained is very simple : the cation (cat-i-on) pumps constantly pump out hydrogen ion, which is the acid substance not used by the cell. The entire human body ー nerve tissue, bone, cartilage, ligament, muscle, blood, brain, you name it ー is made up of these tiny cells, each performing this regulation of intake and output of elements to maintain function. Each cell is just like an underwater city, with canal systems and waterways; outside of it, arteries and veins are its highways. 

GETTING IN SYNC

Vitamin G : The Lost Supplement ..63 (click to read)

GETTING IN SYNC
Our dogs Pumpkin and Sawa (and our new wonder cat, Bam Bam) always wanted their food at exactly the same time everyday. But how did they know it was time to eat? They were not wearing puppy watches or kitty watches, but their internal clocks told the, when to wake, sleep, and even salivate for food. All animals except for humans, with our artificial light, computer screens, and TVs, have synchronized their body clocks with that of the earth. But by exercising regularly, particularly barefoot and feeling the ground, we can reconnect with and reset our internal clocks.

  Once you are ready and prepped to go barefoot walking, we recommend walking outside on a regular basis, particularly at sunrise, (best at 8A.M.), and sunset, (best at 5P.M.). Whatever hour of the day you choose, at your convenience , try to go outdoor every day at the same time. The human body will learn when to rise and when to sleep, when to think, and when to go quiet. This body knowledge helps us let go, relax, and get in sync with the earth.

THE PHYSICS OF GETTING GROUNDED

Getting grounded is not merely a spiritual feeling; it has its roots in physics.

  Since the beginning of time, we humans have walked, slept, and spent most of our time with our bare feet on the ground, unaware that this physical direct contact transfers natural healing, electrical energy to our bodies. 

  For the first time in history, our modern lifestyle has disconnected us from the earth's energy , making us more vulnerable to stress and illness. We wear insulating rubber-soled or synthetic-soled shoes, travel around in metal boxes with insulating rubber wheels, and eat, sleep, and work in structures raised above the ground. New research, spearheaded by Clint Ober, is showing that when we reconnect to the earth by way of our bare feet, or by using a grounding device, a myriad of things happen to support health and vitality.

Grounding Helps Thin Dangerously Thick Blood and Fights Inflammation and Disease
Story at-a-glance
When you walk barefoot, free electrons are transferred from the earth into your body, and this grounding effect is one of the most potent antioxidants we know of.
Inflammation thrives when your blood is thick, and you have a lot of free radical stress, and a lot of positive charges in your body. Grounding effectively alleviates inflammation because it thins your blood and infuses you with negatively charged ions through the soles of your feet.
Surfaces that allow for proper grounding include sand, grass, bare dirt, and untreated concrete, brick and ceramic tile. Leather-soled shoes also allow you to ground while walking, whereas rubber-soled shoes disconnect you from the earth and block beneficial electron transfer.
Grounding helps thin your blood by improving its zeta potential, which means it improves the energy between your red blood cells. Research has demonstrated it takes about 80 minutes for the free electrons from the earth to reach your blood stream and transform your blood.
⇿Grounding is contraindicated if you take Coumadin, as it may thin your blood too much.


By Dr. Mercola

Dr. Stephen Sinatra is a prominent cardiologist and an innovative pioneer. He promotes a number of natural strategies as "add-ons" to the field of cardiology, such as grounding or earthing, which is the topic of this interview.

He'd done five years of post-graduate training in conventional medicine when, in 1977, he met Dr. Jacob Rinse, a 91-year old Dutch chemist who exposed him to alternative medicine.

"After that I studied some nutrition," he says, "but I became a psychotherapist. I spent 10 years training in psychotherapy. I studied bioenergetic psychotherapy, which looks at energy blocks in the body.

That really helped launch me even more into alternative medicine. Then I decided that nutrition needed more work, so I studied for the American College of Nutrition exam, a test to certify a nutrition specialist."

Then, 10 years ago, he met Clint Ober, who introduced him to grounding. (Ober is the co-author with Dr. Sinatra of the 2010 book, Earthing: The Most Important Health Discovery Ever?).

"At first I was skeptical," Dr. Sinatra admits.

"I said, 'My gosh, putting my feet on the ground is going to improve my heart, my body; or at least the things that Clint is talking about?' But then... I spoke to him for about an hour, and went from skeptical to being all in! ... [L]ook, the heart is the most electrical organ of the body. We are electrical [beings]."

What Is Earthing?
The terms "earthing" and "grounding" are interchangeable. It is simply the act of placing your bare feet on the earth, or walking barefoot. When you do, free electrons are transferred from the earth into your body, and this grounding effect is one of the most potent antioxidants we know of.

Unfortunately, few people ever walk barefoot anymore to experience it.

Hopefully, as more and more people become aware of the importance of being grounded, this will change, or at the very least spawn a much needed change in the way most footwear is made. Synthetic rubber soles disconnect you from the earth. Leather soles do not. So you can still find shoes that allow you to remain grounded without going barefoot.

Grounding has numerous benefits, aside from creating a general feeling of well-being. For example, walking barefoot can help ameliorate the constant assault of electromagnetic fields and other types of radiation from cell phones, computers and Wi-Fi. 

By getting outside, barefoot, touching the earth, and allowing the excess charge in your body to discharge into the earth, you can alleviate some of the stress put on your system. That is the grounding effect. I have personally prioritized grounding myself to the earth as much as possible for over 5 years.

Inflammation -- The Root of Most Disease

One of the primary health benefits of grounding is its antioxidant effect. It helps alleviate inflammation throughout your body.

"I told [Clint Ober] 10 years ago, "What you need to do is show that grounding improves inflammation. If you can show that, then you can show that it improves heart disease. Because the real cause of heart disease is inflammation. It's not cholesterol like everybody believes. It's really inflammation," Dr. Sinatra says. ... [H]is experimental work was just really awesome, and I got involved with research myself. I'm still smack in the middle of it right now, but it took me 10 years."

Dr. Sinatra goes on to tell the inspiring story of a contractor he met about 23 years ago, who at one point worked with a group of Scandinavian carpenters who really understood the benefits of grounding and supported each other in maintaining this healthy habit:

"They all took off their shoes in the morning and walked barefoot on the wet grass," he says. "He came to work as a young carpenter, and the foreman said to him, 'Hey buddy, you better take your shoes off, because if you come to work right now with those shoes on, you're going to be busted up in 10 years. Your joints are going to be aching. Your muscles are going to be aching. Everything's going to be aching...' He told him to take his shoes off for an hour in the morning. Guys slugging sledgehammers, digging and hammering. It's stress to the tissues. But if they put their feet on the ground for an hour and had their coffee breaks with their shoes off, it made a difference."

According to Dr. Sinatra, inflammation thrives when your blood is thick and you have a lot of free radical stress, and a lot of positive charges in your body. Grounding effectively alleviates inflammation because it thins your blood and infuses you with negatively charged ions through the soles of your feet. But beware; not all surfaces allow you to ground.

What Surfaces Will Allow You to Properly Ground?
Good grounding surfaces include:

•Sand (beach)
•Grass (preferably moist)
•Bare soil
•Concrete and brick (as long as it's not painted or sealed)
•Ceramic tile


The following surfaces will NOT ground you:

•Asphalt
•Wood
•Rubber and plastic
•Vinyl
•Tar or tarmac

An interesting tidbit offered by Dr. Sinatra is how to ground while flying. I typically bring a grounding pad with me when I fly, but Dr. Sinatra claims that simply taking your shoes off and putting your feet (bare or with socks) on the steel struts will do the trick.

The Earth Is a Rich Source of Healthful Electrons

The earth is struck by lightning thousands of time each minute, primarily around the equator. Subsequently, the earth carries an enormous negative charge. It's always electron-rich and can serve as a powerful and abundant supply of antioxidant free radical-busting electrons.

The human body appears to be finely tuned to "work" with the earth in the sense that there's a constant flow of energy between our bodies and the earth. When you put your feet on the ground, you absorb large amounts of negative electrons through the soles of your feet. In today's world, this is more important than ever, yet fewer people than ever actually connect with the earth in this way anymore. Free radical stress from exposure to mercury pollution, cigarettes, insecticides, pesticides, trans fats, and radiation, just to name a few, continually deplete your body of electrons.

"We now know that oxidative stress causes disease. It causes inflammation," Dr. Sinatra says. "[But] we have this Earth – Mother Earth, that's going to give us all these free electrons."

Recharge Your 'Batteries' with Grounding

Dr. Sinatra, like myself, is a proponent for CoQ10, as it is a major electron donor and helps turn over ATP, which is the energy generated within each of your body's cells. Amazingly, grounding can also enhance ATP, via another mechanism. How do dietary-derived, oral antioxidants compare to the electrons transferred from the earth through your skin? According to Dr. Sinatra:

"Whether you take antioxidants... or whether you get electron donors through the skin, what you're taking in -- into your skin, and taking in orally -- is going to be synergistic. It's going to help your body... What's a healthy lifestyle? It's eating healthy. It's avoiding sugars. It's avoiding trans fats. It's eating organic much of the time. It's avoiding pesticides, insecticides, and chemicals. It's drinking healthy water, breathing in healthy air, and getting healthy sunlight... In other words, taking in these natural energies is a healing energy. Grounding is another natural energy that everybody should do in their lives, because it just makes sense. It incorporates a healthier lifestyle."

Walking Barefoot Is a Valuable Aspect of a Healthy Lifestyle

Exercising barefoot outdoors is one of the most wonderful, inexpensive and powerful ways of incorporating Earthing into your daily life and will also help speed up tissue repair, as well as easing the muscle pain you sometimes get from strenuous exercise. A review of the available research, published January 2012 in the Journal of Environmental and Public Health, agrees with the concept of reaping health benefits when connecting to the Earth1. According to the authors:

"Mounting evidence suggests that the Earth's negative potential can create a stable internal bioelectrical environment for the normal functioning of all body systems. Moreover, oscillations of the intensity of the Earth's potential may be important for setting the biological clocks regulating diurnal body rhythms, such as cortisol secretion.

It is also well established that electrons from antioxidant molecules neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS, or in popular terms, free radicals) involved in the body's immune and inflammatory responses. The National Library of Medicine's online resource PubMed lists 7021 studies and 522 review articles from a search of 'antioxidant + electron + free radical.' It is assumed that the influx of free electrons absorbed into the body through direct contact with the Earth likely neutralize ROS and thereby reduce acute and chronic inflammation. 

Throughout history, humans mostly walked barefoot or with footwear made of animal skins. They slept on the ground or on skins. Through direct contact or through perspiration-moistened animal skins used as footwear or sleeping mats, the ground's abundant free electrons were able to enter the body, which is electrically conductive. Through this mechanism, every part of the body could equilibrate with the electrical potential of the Earth, thereby stabilizing the electrical environment of all organs, tissues, and cells.

Modern lifestyle has increasingly separated humans from the primordial flow of Earth's electrons. For example, since the 1960s, we have increasingly worn insulating rubber or plastic soled shoes, instead of the traditional leather fashioned from hides. Rossi has lamented that the use of insulating materials in post-World War II shoes has separated us from the Earth's energy field. Obviously, we no longer sleep on the ground as we did in times past.

During recent decades, chronic illness, immune disorders, and inflammatory diseases have increased dramatically, and some researchers have cited environmental factors as the cause. However, the possibility of modern disconnection with the Earth's surface as a cause has not been considered. Much of the research reviewed in this paper points in that direction."

The Sunflower Experiment
Last year, Gary Schwartz, PhD, at the University of Arizona, performed an elegant experiment with sunflowers to demonstrate the powerful biological effects of grounding. As shown in the photos below, one set of sunflowers were connected to a grounded power outlet via a thin metal rod placed in the vase, connected to a wire.


The second set was connected to an outlet that was not grounded. All of the flowers were freshly picked, from the same area, at the same time, and the water came from the same source and had nothing added. The experiment was blind, so the experimenter was unaware of which outlet had been grounded.







⇧Photos used with permission from Gary Schwartz.

As you can see, by the seventh day, one set is clearly wilting away, while the other still looks plump and fresh. As hypothesized, the set that kept their freshness were connected to the grounded outlet. Even more remarkable was the dramatic difference in overall survival -- the grounded flowers survived for another 10 days after the ungrounded set had shriveled up and died!

According to Clint Ober, this isn't so surprising since flowers growing in the ground receive a continuous supply of energy from the earth. The grounding rod used in this experiment effectively mimics this natural ground connection, allowing them to thrive longer, as if they'd never been plucked in the first place. So, can this concept translate into better health for you? There's compelling evidence it can, and does...

How Grounding Changes Your Blood
Grounding helps thin your blood by improving its zeta potential, which means it improves the energy between your red blood cells. Research has demonstrated it takes about 80 minutes for the free electrons from the earth to reach your blood stream and transform your blood.

Do you know what a high-sugar diet, smoking, radio frequencies and other toxic electromagnetic forces, emotional stress, anxiety, high cholesterol, and high uric acid levels do to your blood?

All of these make your blood hypercoagulable, meaning it makes it thick and slow-moving, which increases your risk of having a blood clot or stroke. Hypercoagulable blood is the essence of inflammation, because when your blood does not flow well, oxygen can't get to your tissues. In fact, grounding's effect on blood thinning is so profound if you are taking blood thinners you must work with your health care provider to lower your dose otherwise you may overdose on the medication.

Zeta potential is the electrical potential of solids and liquids, also referred to as electrokinetic potential. Your red blood cells repel each other and function at the speed of light, traveling through your body at an astounding 186,000 miles per second. Grounding actually increases zeta potential by an average of 280 percent. According to Dr. Sinatra:

"This is the most incredible discovery, because if you can increase the thinning of your blood naturally by grounding, you can fight off disease. Not only heart disease and stroke, but I'm thinking cancer, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, or any illness that requires good oxygenation to the tissues."

Similarly, anything that lowers zeta potential of your blood will promote disease. For example, early (and some current) birth control pills were notorious for causing heart attacks in women. One of the mechanisms that causes this increased risk is that synthetic estrogens and progesterones increase blood viscosity, i.e., they decrease the zeta potential of your blood... There are currently studies being performed at the University of Arizona which will objectively document grounding effect on the zeta potential. They are anticipated to be completed this year.

Other Beneficial Changes Caused By Grounding
Animal experiments have also shown that ungrounded rats had higher blood sugar compared to their grounded counterparts, despite being fed identical diets. If disconnecting from the earth disrupts human sugar metabolism, we may have identified yet another contributing cause for the dramatic rise of diabetes in children.

"... I think the reason why we have a generation of diabetic kids is because we took away the ground, gave them a lot of sugar, and no exercise. That's the perfect storm," Dr. Sinatra says.

Experiments in Poland, the U.S. and Canada, using both animal and human models, show that grounding improves the human physiology. Other biochemical alterations caused by grounding include changes in:

•Phosphorus
•Calcium metabolism
•Fibroid metabolism
•White blood cells

Grounding also calms your sympathetic nervous system, which supports your heart rate variability. And, when you support heart rate variability, this promotes homeostatis, or balance, in your autonomic nervous system. In essence, anytime you improve heart rate variability, you're improving the entire organism -- in this case, your entire body and all its functions.

"In other words, we're there -- we're in a health mode, as opposed to disease mode. Grounding does that," Dr. Sinatra explains.

Contraindications and Other Warnings
While walking barefoot is clearly one of the most natural things you can possibly do to improve your health, there are still some contraindications and situations in which you may want to use caution.

"I don't like people to ground when they're taking Coumadin," Dr. Sinatra warns. "It's a relative contraindication because we have had people ground, taking Coumadin at the same time, and their blood became like water. It was like red wine and then it got really thin. That could be dangerous. If you have high blood pressure, [or]... if you had a stroke and you have thin blood, it's a disaster. We basically tell people that if you're on Coumadin, you must work with your doctor, because your doctor's going to have to reduce the Coumadin."

Depending on your health status and toxic load, your health may also get worse before it gets better when you start grounding on a regular basis. This is a classic detox reaction, which you may also experience with other detox methods.

"Some patients with polyneuropathy would get worsening of their limb pain on grounding, and some would get better. I want to make that clear that grounding is not a panacea," Dr. Sinatra says. "But what I've learned with grounding is that the sicker you are, the more you need to ground."

Immune System of Human Body

The condition of the body is maintained at a constant level by modulating body temperature and blood pressure, to cope with changes in the environment inside and outside the body. This mechanism is called homeostasis. In homeostasis, the innate immune system plays an important role: it eliminates foreign substances (non-self) such as pathogens, viruses and cancer cells. However, it is known that immune function deteriorates with aging, and is impaired or stimulated by a poor lifestyle such as smoking, insufficient physical exertion or an unbalanced diet, and by adverse environmental changes and pollution. Deterioration of immune function causes or aggravates infection and malignant tumors, while excessive elevation of the immune system may cause things such as hay fever, atopic dermatitis or chronic inflammation. Studies in recent years have clarified that fiber and indigestive components in food are deeply involved in the maintenance of homeostasis and immune responsiveness.



BioBran is a functional food manufactured using a water-soluble rice bran dietary fiber component (hemicellulose B). Collaborative research with Prof. Mamdooh Ghoneum Ph.D. at the University of California, Los Angeles, USA (UCLA/Drew University of Medicine) on rice bran dietary fiber components has led to the discovery and establishment of processing and manufacturing methods of a food that optimally modulates the innate immune function of the body. It was subsequently demonstrated that BioBran has not only an immunostimulatory effect but also an immunomodulating effect. Extensive efforts to maximize its stability and taste have resulted in BioBran rice bran arabinoxylan. Currently, BioBran is widely used not only in Japan but also in more than 50 countries worldwide, and has an excellent reputation.
Patent No.5358219.

Daiwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. has focused on a dietary fiber thought to have the potential to impact the immune response and developed a multifunctional food closely related to the Japanese foodstuff of ancient times, named BioBran (Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Compound).


Manufacturing Process




Characteristics

BioBran is a functional food produced by water-soluble dietary fiber (hemicellulose B) with an enzyme derived from shiitake mushrooms.

Suggested daily dose
1-3g/day

Property
Easy soluble in water and heat-stable

Mechanism of Action

Starch, dietary fiber, and BioBran are classified as polysaccharides. 
Starch is digested by saliva, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice, and is absorbed in the small intestine as glucose. Dietary fiber is not digested, and is excreted unchanged. BioBran is known to be partly absorbed directly in the digestive tract, entering the blood stream.It activates the Natural Killer Cells, T cells, B cells, and macrophages, either directly in the blood, or indirectly via the Peyer's patch of the ileum, BioBran plays an important role in immunomodulation (immunostimulation, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, antioxidation processes). Overall, it is considered to enhance the body's natural healing abilities, alleviate the adverse drug reactions of chemotherapeutic agents, and improve quality of life.







Usefulness as a functional food

1. Immunomodulatory action

(1) Immunostimulating action

▶Response of human NK cell activation to dose of BioBran
▶NK cell activation in cancer patients following BioBran intake
▶Stimulation of lymphocyte transformation
▶Promotion of differentiation of dendritic cells
▶Anticancer effect of BioBran

(2) Anti-inflammatory action

▶Influence on liver damage

2. Combination therapy with a chemotherapeutic agent

▶BioBran in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent

3. Improvement of quality of life

▶Effect of BioBran on survival and quality of life improvement in patients with progressive cancer

Safety

Single dose ~ LD50>36g/kg.
Repeated dose ~ NOAEL>200mg/kg/day.
Mutagenicity (Ames test) ~ Negative.

▶Response of human NK cell activation to dose of BioBran

Twenty-four healthy human volunteers were divided into three groups of 8, and assigned to ingest BioBran at 15mg/kg body weight (approximately equal to 1g), 30mg/kg body weight (approximately equal to 2g), and 45mg/kg body weight (approximately equal to 3g) every day for a period of two months to measure the effects on NK cell activity.

The activity in the 15mg/kg group was almost unchanged after 1 week but increased to twice the baseline activity after 1 month. The activity in the 30mg/kg group increased to about 3 times the baseline value after 1 week and then gradually increased to 5 times the baseline value by 2 months. The 45mg/kg group showed a pattern of increase similar to that in the 30mg/kg group, but the rate and degree of increase were greater than that of the 30mg/kg group. Following cessation of treatment, the NK cell activity levels gradually returned to baseline in each group.



Response of human NK cell activation to dose of BioBran :

Ghoneum M.,“Enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by modified Arabinoxylan from rice bran (MGN-3)”, INT. J. IMMUNOTHERAPY XIV (2) 89-99 (1998)

▶NK cell activation in cancer patients following BioBran intake

NK cell activity was compared before and after 6 months of BioBran intake in 25 cancer patients with progressive disease, who received chemotherapy, surgery, and/or hormone therapy. Although a large difference in the baseline activity was observed between patients, all patients demonstrated an increase in NK cell activity after BioBran intake.



NK cell activation in cancer patients following BioBran intake :

Ghoneum M. and G. Namatalla, 87th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, 1996.

▶Stimulation of lymphocyte transformation

The proliferation of T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes was compared before and after BioBran intake. The proliferation of both T-cells and B-cells increased in the 3 patients following BioBran intake.



Stimulation of lymphocyte transformation:

Ghoneum M., 11th International AIDS Conference in Vancouver, 1996.

▶Promotion of differentiation of dendritic cells

Monocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy subjects and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 for 6 days, to prepare immature dendritic cells (iDC). On the 7th day, BioBran was added at various concentrations to the immature dendritic cells. The immature dendritic cells were incubated for 2 days and their maturation to dendritic cells was observed. The same operation was performed using two kinds of culture medium which have the effect of promoting the development of iDC to mature dendritic cells, designated mat DC1, and matDC2, respectively. In the immature dendritic cells (iDC), BioBran suppressed the expression of the monocyte marker CD14 and increased the expression of the dendritic cell marker CD83, both in a dose dependent manner. This result appears to show that BIoBran promotes the differentiation of dendritic cells.



Promotion of differentiation of dendritic cells :

Cholujova D., et al, “BioBran-augmented maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells”, NEOPLASMA, 56, 2, 2009.

▶Anticancer effect of BioBran

Female Swiss albino mice were inoculated with 2.5 x 106 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells into the right femoral region, and the tumor size determined on consecutive days, starting on the 8th day after inoculation until the 35th day. The control group received phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and the BioBran group received 40 mg/kg body weight of BioBran intraperitoneally three times a week for a period of 3 weeks, starting on the 8th day after the inoculation of EAC. After treatment, the tumor size was determined. The results showed a significantly greater suppression of tumor growth in the BioBran group compared to the control (PBS) group, starting on the 14th day after inoculation of EAC. The photographs of tumor on the 35th day also showed a tumor regression in the BioBran group.



バイオブランのin vivoにおける抗腫瘍効果
Anticancer effect of BioBran :

Ghoneum M., et al, “In vivo Tumor Inhibitory Effects of Nutritional Rice Bran Supplement MGN-3/Biobran on Ehrlich Carcinoma-Bearing Mice”, Nutrition and Cancer, 2008.

▶Influence on liver damage

Male Wistar rats (5 rats/group) were given intraperitoneal administration of 800 mg/kg D-galactosamine to induce liver disorder. Serum GOT and GPT were determined 24 hours after the administration of D-galactosamine, as induces of liver damage. One hour before administration of D-galactosamine, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg of BioBran was administered intraperitoneally. The serum GOT and GPT in the control group without BioBran at 24 hours after the administration of D-galactosamine were 1410 IU/L and 445 IU/L, respectively. Compared to these values, serum GOT and GPT in the groups treated with BioBran were significantly lower at all doses.



Influence on liver damage :

Sanada H. and Y. Egashira, 7th meeting of the Japanese Association for Dietary Fiber Research, Tokyo, 2002.


▶BioBran in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent

Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) (1 x 104 cells) were seeded into the wells of a plate and incubated for 3 days in the presence of differing concentrations of BioBran, and the chemotherapeutic agent daunorubicin (DNR). Viable cells were counted by the MTT method, and the concentration of DNR which reduced the number of viable cancer cells by 50% (IC50) was determined. DNR inhibited the survival of MCF-7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with the IC50 being 1μM. When MCF-7 cells were cultured in the presence of BioBran and DNR, the IC50 of DNR for MCF-7 was reduced significantly (IC50: 0.2μM).



BioBran in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent :
Ghoneum M. and S. Gollapudi, “MGN-3/Biobran, modified arabinoxylan from rice bran, sensitizes human breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agent, daunorubicin”, Cancer Detection and Prevention, 2008.

▶Effect of BioBran on survival and quality of life improvement in patients with progressive cancer

Two hundred and five patients with malignant tumors who were receiving treatment with alternative therapy and chemotherapy with mild adverse drug reactions were allocated into two groups. One of the groups (the control group) received conventional alternative therapy and chemotherapy, and the other group (BioBran group) was given 1 g of BioBran three times a day after each meal for 18 months, in addition to receiving the same therapy as the control group. The correlation between natural killer (NK) cell activity determined during the observation period and survival rate was studied.
The patients’ quality of life was assessed on a scale of 0 to 4 with regard to “pain”, “fatigue”, and “nausea” and 0 to 3 with regard to “appetite” at the start of, and during, the observation period. Of the 205 patients participating in the study, 53 patients of the control group could not continue the conventional alternative therapy and dropped out, and therefore 152 patients (56 patients in the control group and 96 in the BioBran group) were included in the analysis. The survival rates at the end of the observation period in the control group and the BioBran group were 35.8% and 54.2%, respectively. This represents a 50% higher survival rate in the BioBran group compared to the control group. It was also shown that higher NK cell activity was associated with a higher survival rate (Table 1). It was confirmed that the patients’ quality of life after the study had improved compared to the quality of life at the start of the study in both the control group and BioBran group; a notable improvement in appetite was observed in the BioBran group (Table 2).



Effect of BioBran on survival and quality of life improvement in patients with progressive cancer :

Takahara K., et al, “The Life Prolongation and QOL Improvement Effect of Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Derivative (MGN-3, BioBran) for Progressive Cancer”, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy, 2004

Chemical Elements In Human Body

Chemical elements listed by their presence in human body

The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by:	Presence in human body (%)	Name of chemical element	Presence
- Name alphabetically	65, in all liquids and tissues, bones, proteins	Oxygen	in all liquids and tissues, bones, proteins
- Atomic number	18, everywhere	Carbon	everywhere
- Symbol	10, in all liquids and tissues, bones, proteins	Hydrogen	in all liquids and tissues, bones, proteins
- Atomic Mass	3, in all liquids and tissues, proteins	Nitrogen	in all liquids and tissues, proteins
- Electronegativity	1,5, lungs, kidney, liver, thyroid, brain, muscles, heart, bones	Calcium	lungs, kidney, liver, thyroid, brain, muscles, heart, bones
- Density	1, urine, bones	Phosphorus	urine, bones
- Melting point	0,35 enzymes	Potassium	enzymes
- Boiling point	0,25 proteins	Sulphur	proteins
- Vanderwaals radius	0,15 in all liquids and tissues (in terms of salt)	Sodium	in all liquids and tissues (in terms of salt)
- Year of discovery	0,05 lungs, kidney, liver, thyroid, brain, muscles, heart	Magnesium	lungs, kidney, liver, thyroid, brain, muscles, heart
- Inventor surname	traces, bones, teeth	Fluorine	bones, teeth
- Elements in earthcrust	traces, in body liquid	Chlorine	in body liquid
- Elements in human body	traces, enzymes	Manganese	enzymes
- Covalenz radius	traces, enzymes	Iron	enzymes
- Ionization energy	traces	Cobalt
For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is arranged by elements in human body. The first chemical element with the highest percentage is Oxygen and the last one with the lowest percentage is Magnesium. The unit for the elements in the human body is %. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.	traces	Copper
	traces	Zinc
	traces	Selenium
	traces	Molybdenum
	traces	Iodine
	minimum traces	Lithium
	minimum traces	Aluminium
	minimum traces	Silicon
	minimum traces	Vanadium
	minimum traces	Arsenic
	minimum traces	Bromine
	minimum traces	Strontium
	minimum traces	Lead
		Helium
		Beryllium
		Boron
		Neon
		Argon
		Scandium
		Titanium
		Chromium
		Nickel
		Gallium
		Germanium
		Krypton
		Rubidium
		Yttrium
		Zirconium
		Nobelium
		Technetium
		Ruthenium
		Rhodium
		Palladium
		Silver
		Cadmium
		Indium
		Tin
		Antimony
		Tellurium
		Xenon
		Cesium
		Barium
		Lanthanum
		Cerium
		Praseodymium
		Neodymium
		Promethium
		Samarium
		Europium
		Gadolinium
		Terbium
		Dysprosium
		Holmium
		Erbium
		Thulium
		Ytterbium
		Lutetium
		Hafnium
		Tantalum
		Tungsten
		Rhenium
		Osmium
		Iridium
		Platinum
	Gold
	Mercury
	Thallium
	Bismuth
	Polonium
	Astatine
	Radon
	Francium
		Radium
		Actinium
		Thorium
		Protactinium
		Uranium
		Neptunium
		Plutonium
		Americium
		Curium
		Berkelium
		Californium
		Einsteinium
		Fermium
		Mendelevium
		Nobelium
		Lawrencium
		Rutherfordium
		Dubnium
		Seaborgium
		Bohrium
		Hassium
		Meitnerium
		Darmstadtium
		Roentgenium
		Ununbium
		Ununtrium
		Ununquadium
		Ununpentium
		Ununhexium
		Ununseptium
		Ununoctium

Chemical elements listed by elements in earthcrust

The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by:	Elements in earthcrust	Name chemical element	Symbol	Atomic number
- Name alphabetically	0,019	Nickel	Ni	28
- Atomic number	0,025	Zirconium	Zr	40
- Symbol	0,029	Fluorine	F	9
- Atomic Mass	0,035	Chromium	Cr	24
- Electronegativity	0,045	Chlorine	Cl	17
- Density	0,05	Barium	Ba	56
- Melting point	0,052	Sulfur	S	16
- Boiling point	0,09	Manganese	Mn	25
- Vanderwaals radius	0,094	Carbon	C	6
- Year of discovery	0,13	Phosphorus	P	15
- Inventor surname	0,14	Hydrogen	H	1
- Elements in earthcrust	0,62	Titanium	Ti	22
- Elements in human body	2,08	Magnesium	Mg	12
- Covalenz radius	2,58	Potassium	K	19
- Ionization energy	2,75	Sodium	Na	11
For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is arranged by elements in earthcrust. The first chemical element with the lowest percentage is Nickel and the last one with the highest percentage is Oxygen. The unity for the elements in the earthcrust is %. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.	3,65	Calcium	Ca	20
	5,05	Iron	Fe	26
	8,07	Aluminum	Al	13
	27,69	Silicon	Si	14
	46,71	Oxygen	O	8
		Helium	He	2
		Lithium	Li	3
		Beryllium	Be	4
		Boron	B	5
		Nitrogen	N	7
		Neon	Ne	10
		Argon	Ar	18
		Scandium	Sc	21
		Vanadium	V	23
		Cobalt	Co	27
		Copper	Cu	29
		Zinc	Zn	30
		Gallium	Ga	31
		Germanium	Ge	32
		Arsenic	As	33
		Selenium	Se	34
		Bromine	Br	35
		Krypton	Kr	36
		Rubidium	Rb	37
		Strontium	Sr	38
		Yttrium	Y	39
		Niobium	Nb	41
		Molybdenum	Mo	42
		Technetium	Tc	43
		Ruthenium	Ru	44
		Rhodium	Rh	45
		Palladium	Pd	46
		Silver	Ag	47
		Cadmium	Cd	48
		Indium	In	49
		Tin	Sn	50
		Antimony	Sb	51
		Tellurium	Te	52
		Iodine	I	53
		Xenon	Xe	54
		Cesium	Cs	55
		Lanthanum	La	57
		Cerium	Ce	58
		Praseodymium	Pr	59
		Neodymium	Nd	60
		Promethium	Pm	61
		Samarium	Sm	62
		Europium	Eu	63
		Gadolinium	Gd	64
		Terbium	Tb	65
		Dysprosium	Dy	66
		Holmium	Ho	67
		Erbium	Er	68
		Thulium	Tm	69
		Ytterbium	Yb	70
		Lutetium	Lu	71
		Hafnium	Hf	72
		Tantalum	Ta	73
		Tungsten	W	74
		Rhenium	Re	75
		Osmium	Os	76
		Iridium	Ir	77
		Platinum	Pt	78
		Gold	Au	79
		Mercury	Hg	80
		Thallium	Tl	81
		Lead	Pb	82
		Bismuth	Bi	83
		Polonium	Po	84
		Astatine	At	85
		Radon	Rn	86
		Francium	Fr	87
		Radium	Ra	88
		Actinium	Ac	89
		Thorium	Th	90
		Protactinium	Pa	91
		Uranium	U	92
		Neptunium	Np	93
		Plutonium	Pu	94
		Americium	Am	95
		Curium	Cm	96
		Berkelium	Bk	97
		Californium	Cf	98
		Einsteinium	Es	99
		Fermium	Fm	100
		Mendelevium	Md	101
		Nobelium	No	102
		Lawrencium	Lr	103
		Rutherfordium	Rf	104
		Dubnium	Db	105
		Seaborgium	Sg	106
		Bohrium	Bh	107
		Hassium	Hs	108
		Meitnerium	Mt	109
		Darmstadtium	Ds	110
		Roentgenium	Rg	111
		Ununbium	Uub	112
		Ununtrium	Uut	113
		Ununquadium	Uuq	114
		Ununpentium	Uup	115
		Ununhexium	Uuh	116
		Ununseptium	Uus	117
		Ununoctium	Uuo	118

Chemical elements alphabetically listed

The elements of the periodic table sorted by name in an alphabetical list.

Click on any element's name for further chemical properties, environmental data or health effects.

This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry.

The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by:	Name chemical element	Symbol	Atomic number
- Name alphabetically	Actinium	Ac	89
- Atomic number	Aluminum	Al	13
- Symbol	Americium	Am	95
- Atomic Mass	Antimony	Sb	51
- Electronegativity	Argon	Ar	18
- Density	Arsenic	As	33
- Melting point	Astatine	At	85
- Boiling point	Barium	Ba	56
- Vanderwaals radius	Berkelium	Bk	97
- Year of discovery	Beryllium	Be	4
- Inventor surname	Bismuth	Bi	83
- Elements in earthcrust	Bohrium	Bh	107
- Elements in human body	Boron	B	5
- Covalent Radius	Bromine	Br	35
- Ionization energy	Cadmium	Cd	48
For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is alphabethically listed. The first chemical element is Actinium and the last is Zirconium. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.	Calcium	Ca	20
	Californium	Cf	98
	Carbon	C	6
	Cerium	Ce	58
	Cesium	Cs	55
	Chlorine	Cl	17
	Chromium	Cr	24
	Cobalt	Co	27
	Copper	Cu	29
	Curium	Cm	96
	Darmstadtium	Ds	110
	Dubnium	Db	105
	Dysprosium	Dy	66
	Einsteinium	Es	99
	Erbium	Er	68
	Europium	Eu	63
	Fermium	Fm	100
	Fluorine	F	9
	Francium	Fr	87
	Gadolinium	Gd	64
	Gallium	Ga	31
	Germanium	Ge	32
	Gold	Au	79
	Hafnium	Hf	72
	Hassium	Hs	108
	Helium	He	2
	Holmium	Ho	67
	Hydrogen	H	1
	Indium	In	49
	Iodine	I	53
	Iridium	Ir	77
	Iron	Fe	26
	Krypton	Kr	36
	Lanthanum	La	57
	Lawrencium	Lr	103
	Lead	Pb	82
	Lithium	Li	3
	Lutetium	Lu	71
	Magnesium	Mg	12
	Manganese	Mn	25
	Meitnerium	Mt	109
	Mendelevium	Md	101
	Mercury	Hg	80
	Molybdenum	Mo	42
	Neodymium	Nd	60
	Neon	Ne	10
	Neptunium	Np	93
	Nickel	Ni	28
	Niobium	Nb	41
	Nitrogen	N	7
	Nobelium	No	102
	Osmium	Os	76
	Oxygen	O	8
	Palladium	Pd	46
	Phosphorus	P	15
	Platinum	Pt	78
	Plutonium	Pu	94
	Polonium	Po	84
	Potassium	K	19
	Praseodymium	Pr	59
	Promethium	Pm	61
	Protactinium	Pa	91
	Radium	Ra	88
	Radon	Rn	86
	Rhenium	Re	75
	Rhodium	Rh	45
	Roentgenium	Rg	111
	Rubidium	Rb	37
	Ruthenium	Ru	44
	Rutherfordium	Rf	104
	Samarium	Sm	62
	Scandium	Sc	21
	Seaborgium	Sg	106
	Selenium	Se	34
	Silicon	Si	14
	Silver	Ag	47
	Sodium	Na	11
	Strontium	Sr	38
	Sulfur	S	16
	Tantalum	Ta	73
	Technetium	Tc	43
	Tellurium	Te	52
	Terbium	Tb	65
	Thallium	Tl	81
	Thorium	Th	90
	Thulium	Tm	69
	Tin	Sn	50
	Titanium	Ti	22
	Tungsten	W	74
	Ununbium	Uub	112
	Ununhexium	Uuh	116
	Ununoctium	Uuo	118
	Ununpentium	Uup	115
	Ununquadium	Uuq	114
	Ununseptium	Uus	117
	Ununtrium	Uut	113
	Ununium	Uuu	111
	Uranium	U	92
	Vanadium	V	23
	Xenon	Xe	54
	Ytterbium	Yb	70
	Yttrium	Y	39
	Zinc	Zn	30
	Zirconium	Zr	40

Chemical elements listed by atomic number

The elemenents of the periodic table sorted by atomic number

click on any element's name for further chemical properties, environmental data or health effects.

This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry.

The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by:	Atomic number	Name chemical element	Symbol
- Name alphabetically	1	Hydrogen	H
- Atomic number	2	Helium	He
- Symbol	3	Lithium	Li
- Atomic Mass	4	Beryllium	Be
- Electronegativity	5	Boron	B
- Density	6	Carbon	C
- Melting point	7	Nitrogen	N
- Boiling point	8	Oxygen	O
- Vanderwaals radius	9	Fluorine	F
- Year of discovery	10	Neon	Ne
- Inventor surname	11	Sodium	Na
- Elements in earthcrust	12	Magnesium	Mg
- Elements in human body	13	Aluminum	Al
- Covalenz radius	14	Silicon	Si
- Ionization energy	15	Phosphorus	P
For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is arranged by Atomic number. The first chemical element is Hydrogen and the last is Ununoctium. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.	16	Sulfur	S
	17	Chlorine	Cl
	18	Argon	Ar
	19	Potassium	K
	20	Calcium	Ca
	21	Scandium	Sc
	22	Titanium	Ti
	23	Vanadium	V
	24	Chromium	Cr
	25	Manganese	Mn
	26	Iron	Fe
	27	Cobalt	Co
	28	Nickel	Ni
	29	Copper	Cu
	30	Zinc	Zn
	31	Gallium	Ga
	32	Germanium	Ge
	33	Arsenic	As
	34	Selenium	Se
	35	Bromine	Br
	36	Krypton	Kr
	37	Rubidium	Rb
	38	Strontium	Sr
	39	Yttrium	Y
	40	Zirconium	Zr
	41	Niobium	Nb
	42	Molybdenum	Mo
	43	Technetium	Tc
	44	Ruthenium	Ru
	45	Rhodium	Rh
	46	Palladium	Pd
	47	Silver	Ag
	48	Cadmium	Cd
	49	Indium	In
	50	Tin	Sn
	51	Antimony	Sb
	52	Tellurium	Te
	53	Iodine	I
	54	Xenon	Xe
	55	Cesium	Cs
	56	Barium	Ba
	57	Lanthanum	La
	58	Cerium	Ce
	59	Praseodymium	Pr
	60	Neodymium	Nd
	61	Promethium	Pm
	62	Samarium	Sm
	63	Europium	Eu
	64	Gadolinium	Gd
	65	Terbium	Tb
	66	Dysprosium	Dy
	67	Holmium	Ho
	68	Erbium	Er
	69	Thulium	Tm
	70	Ytterbium	Yb
	71	Lutetium	Lu
	72	Hafnium	Hf
	73	Tantalum	Ta
	74	Tungsten	W
	75	Rhenium	Re
	76	Osmium	Os
	77	Iridium	Ir
	78	Platinum	Pt
	79	Gold	Au
	80	Mercury	Hg
	81	Thallium	Tl
	82	Lead	Pb
	83	Bismuth	Bi
	84	Polonium	Po
	85	Astatine	At
	86	Radon	Rn
	87	Francium	Fr
	88	Radium	Ra
	89	Actinium	Ac
	90	Thorium	Th
	91	Protactinium	Pa
	92	Uranium	U
	93	Neptunium	Np
	94	Plutonium	Pu
	95	Americium	Am
	96	Curium	Cm
	97	Berkelium	Bk
	98	Californium	Cf
	99	Einsteinium	Es
	100	Fermium	Fm
	101	Mendelevium	Md
	102	Nobelium	No
	103	Lawrencium	Lr
	104	Rutherfordium	Rf
	105	Dubnium	Db
	106	Seaborgium	Sg
	107	Bohrium	Bh
	108	Hassium	Hs
	109	Meitnerium	Mt
	110	Darmstadtium	Ds
	111	Roentgenium	Rg
	112	Ununbium	Uub
	113	Ununtrium	Uut
	114	Ununquadium	Uuq
	115	Ununpentium	Uup
	116	Ununhexium	Uuh
	117	Ununseptium	Uus
	118	Ununoctium	Uuo

Chemical elements listed by symbol

The elements of the periodic table sorted by symbol

click on any element's name for further chemical properties, environmental data or health effects.

This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry.

The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by:	Symbol	Name chemical element	Atomic number
- Name alphabetically	Ac	Actinium	89
- Atomic number	Ag	Silver	47
- Symbol	Al	Aluminum	13
- Atomic Mass	Am	Americium	95
- Electronegativity	Ar	Argon	18
- Density	As	Arsenic	33
- Melting point	At	Astatine	85
- Boiling point	Au	Gold	79
- Vanderwaals radius	B	Boron	5
- Year of discovery	Ba	Barium	56
- Inventor surname	Be	Beryllium	4
- Elements in earthcrust	Bh	Bohrium	107
- Elements in human body	Bi	Bismuth	83
- Covalenz radius	Bk	Berkelium	97
- Ionization energy	Br	Bromine	35
For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is arranged by the symbol. The first chemical element is Actinium and the last is Zirconium. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.	C	Carbon	6
	Ca	Calcium	20
	Cd	Cadmium	48
	Ce	Cerium	58
	Cf	Californium	98
	Cl	Chlorine	17
	Cm	Curium	96
	Co	Cobalt	27
	Cr	Chromium	24
	Cs	Cesium	55
	Cu	Copper	29
	Db	Dubnium	105
	Ds	Darmstadtium	110
	Dy	Dysprosium	66
	Er	Erbium	68
	Es	Einsteinium	99
	Eu	Europium	63
	F	Fluorine	9
	Fe	Iron	26
	Fm	Fermium	100
	Fr	Francium	87
	Ga	Gallium	31
	Gd	Gadolinium	64
	Ge	Germanium	32
	H	Hydrogen	1
	He	Helium	2
	Hf	Hafnium	72
	Hg	Mercury	80
	Ho	Holmium	67
	Hs	Hassium	108
	I	Iodine	53
	In	Indium	49
	Ir	Iridium	77
	K	Potassium	19
	Kr	Krypton	36
	La	Lanthanum	57
	Li	Lithium	3
	Lr	Lawrencium	103
	Lu	Lutetium	71
	Md	Mendelevium	101
	Mg	Magnesium	12
	Mn	Manganese	25
	Mo	Molybdenum	42
	Mt	Meitnerium	109
	N	Nitrogen	7
	Na	Sodium	11
	Nb	Niobium	41
	Nd	Neodymium	60
	Ne	Neon	10
	Ni	Nickel	28
	No	Nobelium	102
	Np	Neptunium	93
	O	Oxygen	8
	Os	Osmium	76
	P	Phosphorus	15
	Pa	Protactinium	91
	Pb	Lead	82
	Pd	Palladium	46
	Pm	Promethium	61
	Po	Polonium	84
	Pr	Praseodymium	59
	Pt	Platinum	78
	Pu	Plutonium	94
	Ra	Radium	88
	Rb	Rubidium	37
	Re	Rhenium	75
	Rf	Rutherfordium	104
	Rg	Roentgenium	111
	Rh	Rhodium	45
	Rn	Radon	86
	Ru	Ruthenium	44
	S	Sulfur	16
	Sb	Antimony	51
	Sc	Scandium	21
	Se	Selenium	34
	Sg	Seaborgium	106
	Si	Silicon	14
	Sm	Samarium	62
	Sn	Tin	50
	Sr	Strontium	38
	Ta	Tantalum	73
	Tb	Terbium	65
	Tc	Technetium	43
	Te	Tellurium	52
	Th	Thorium	90
	Ti	Titanium	22
	Tl	Thallium	81
	Tm	Thulium	69
	U	Uranium	92
	Uub	Ununbium	112
	Uuh	Ununhexium	116
	Uuo	Ununoctium	118
	Uup	Ununpentium	115
	Uuq	Ununquadium	114
	Uus	Ununseptium	117
	Uut	Ununtrium	113
	V	Vanadium	23
	W	Tungsten	74
	Xe	Xenon	54
	Y	Yttrium	39
	Yb	Ytterbium	70
	Zn	Zinc	30
	Zr	Zirconium	40

Chemical elements listed by atomic mass

The elemenents of the periodic table sorted by atomic mass

click on any element's name for further information on chemical properties, environmental data or health effects.

This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry.

The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by:	Atomic Mass	Name chemical element	Symbol	Atomic number
- Name alphabetically	1.0079	Hydrogen	H	1
- Atomic number	4.0026	Helium	He	2
- Symbol	6.941	Lithium	Li	3
- Atomic Mass	9.0122	Beryllium	Be	4
- Electronegativity	10.811	Boron	B	5
- Density	12.0107	Carbon	C	6
- Melting point	14.0067	Nitrogen	N	7
- Boiling point	15.9994	Oxygen	O	8
- Vanderwaals radius	18.9984	Fluorine	F	9
- Year of discovery	20.1797	Neon	Ne	10
- Inventor surname	22.9897	Sodium	Na	11
- Elements in earthcrust	24.305	Magnesium	Mg	12
- Elements in human body	26.9815	Aluminum	Al	13
- Covalenz radius	28.0855	Silicon	Si	14
- Ionization energy	30.9738	Phosphorus	P	15
For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is arranged by Atomic mass (weight). The lightest chemical element is Hydrogen and the heaviest is Hassium. The unity for atomic mass is gram per mol. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals. The elements in water	32.065	Sulfur	S	16
	35.453	Chlorine	Cl	17
	39.0983	Potassium	K	19
	39.948	Argon	Ar	18
	40.078	Calcium	Ca	20
	44.9559	Scandium	Sc	21
	47.867	Titanium	Ti	22
	50.9415	Vanadium	V	23
	51.9961	Chromium	Cr	24
	54.938	Manganese	Mn	25
	55.845	Iron	Fe	26
	58.6934	Nickel	Ni	28
	58.9332	Cobalt	Co	27
	63.546	Copper	Cu	29
	65.39	Zinc	Zn	30
	69.723	Gallium	Ga	31
	72.64	Germanium	Ge	32
	74.9216	Arsenic	As	33
	78.96	Selenium	Se	34
	79.904	Bromine	Br	35
	83.8	Krypton	Kr	36
	85.4678	Rubidium	Rb	37
	87.62	Strontium	Sr	38
	88.9059	Yttrium	Y	39
	91.224	Zirconium	Zr	40
	92.9064	Niobium	Nb	41
	95.94	Molybdenum	Mo	42
	98	Technetium	Tc	43
	101.07	Ruthenium	Ru	44
	102.9055	Rhodium	Rh	45
	106.42	Palladium	Pd	46
	107.8682	Silver	Ag	47
	112.411	Cadmium	Cd	48
	114.818	Indium	In	49
	118.71	Tin	Sn	50
	121.76	Antimony	Sb	51
	126.9045	Iodine	I	53
	127.6	Tellurium	Te	52
	131.293	Xenon	Xe	54
	132.9055	Cesium	Cs	55
	137.327	Barium	Ba	56
	138.9055	Lanthanum	La	57
	140.116	Cerium	Ce	58
	140.9077	Praseodymium	Pr	59
	144.24	Neodymium	Nd	60
	145	Promethium	Pm	61
	150.36	Samarium	Sm	62
	151.964	Europium	Eu	63
	157.25	Gadolinium	Gd	64
	158.9253	Terbium	Tb	65
	162.5	Dysprosium	Dy	66
	164.9303	Holmium	Ho	67
	167.259	Erbium	Er	68
	168.9342	Thulium	Tm	69
	173.04	Ytterbium	Yb	70
	174.967	Lutetium	Lu	71
	178.49	Hafnium	Hf	72
	180.9479	Tantalum	Ta	73
	183.84	Tungsten	W	74
	186.207	Rhenium	Re	75
	190.23	Osmium	Os	76
	192.217	Iridium	Ir	77
	195.078	Platinum	Pt	78
	196.9665	Gold	Au	79
	200.59	Mercury	Hg	80
	204.3833	Thallium	Tl	81
	207.2	Lead	Pb	82
	208.9804	Bismuth	Bi	83
	209	Polonium	Po	84
	210	Astatine	At	85
	222	Radon	Rn	86
	223	Francium	Fr	87
	226	Radium	Ra	88
	227	Actinium	Ac	89
	231.0359	Protactinium	Pa	91
	232.0381	Thorium	Th	90
	237	Neptunium	Np	93
	238.0289	Uranium	U	92
	243	Americium	Am	95
	244	Plutonium	Pu	94
	247	Curium	Cm	96
	247	Berkelium	Bk	97
	251	Californium	Cf	98
	252	Einsteinium	Es	99
	257	Fermium	Fm	100
	258	Mendelevium	Md	101
	259	Nobelium	No	102
	261	Rutherfordium	Rf	104
	262	Lawrencium	Lr	103
	262	Dubnium	Db	105
	264	Bohrium	Bh	107
	266	Seaborgium	Sg	106
	268	Meitnerium	Mt	109
	272	Roentgenium	Rg	111
	277	Hassium	Hs	108
		Darmstadtium	Ds	110
		Ununbium	Uub	112
		Ununtrium	Uut	113
		Ununquadium	Uuq	114
		Ununpentium	Uup	115
		Ununhexium	Uuh	116
		Ununseptium	Uus	117
		Ununoctium	Uuo	118

Chemical elements listed by electronegativity

The elements of the periodic table sorted by electronegativity

click on any element's name for further chemical properties, environmental data or health effects.

This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry.

The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by:	Electro- negativity	Name chemical element	Symbol	Atomic number
- Name alphabetically	0,7	Actinium	Ac	89
- Atomic number	0,79	Lanthanum	La	57
- Symbol	0,82	Potassium	K	19
- Atomic Mass	0,82	Strontium	Sr	38
- Electronegativity	0,89	Cerium	Ce	58
- Density	0,89	Thorium	Th	90
- Melting point	0,93	Sodium	Na	11
- Boiling point	0,95	Yttrium	Y	39
- Vanderwaals radius	0,98	Lithium	Li	3
- Year of discovery	1	Potassium	K	19
- Inventor surname	1,1	Praseodymium	Pr	59
- Elements in earthcrust	1,1	Protactinium	Pa	91
- Elements in human body	1,12	Neodymium	Nd	60
- Covalenz radius	1,13	Promethium	Pm	61
- Ionization energy	1,14	Samarium	Sm	62
For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is arranged by electronegativity. The first chemical element is Actinium and the last element is Fluorine. The unity used for the electronegativity is Pauling. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.
	1,17	Gadolinium	Gd	64
	1,2	Dysprosium	Dy	66
	1,22	Zirconium	Zr	40
	1,22	Erbium	Er	68
	1,23	Thulium	Tm	69
	1,24	Ytterbium	Yb	70
	1,25	Lutetium	Lu	71
	1,27	Tantalum	Ta	73
	1,28	Curium	Cm	96
	1,3	Tungsten	W	74
	1,3	Uranium	U	92
	1,3	Berkelium	Bk	97
	1,3	Californium	Cf	98
	1,3	Einsteinium	Es	99
	1,3	Fermium	Fm	100
	1,3	Mendelevium	Md	101
	1,3	Nobelium	No	102
	1,3	Lawrencium	Lr	103
	1,3	Rutherfordium	Rf	104
	1,3	Dubnium	Db	105
	1,31	Magnesium	Mg	12
	1,33	Niobium	Nb	41
	1,36	Calcium	Ca	20
	1,36	Americium	Am	95
	1,38	Plutonium	Pu	94
	1,5	Rhenium	Re	75
	1,5	Neptunium	Np	93
	1,54	Scandium	Sc	21
	1,55	Chromium	Cr	24
	1,57	Beryllium	Be	4
	1,6	Molybdenum	Mo	42
	1,61	Aluminum	Al	13
	1,62	Bismuth	Bi	83
	1,63	Titanium	Ti	22
	1,65	Copper	Cu	29
	1,66	Vanadium	V	23
	1,69	Indium	In	49
	1,78	Tin	Sn	50
	1,81	Zinc	Zn	30
	1,83	Manganese	Mn	25
	1,88	Iron	Fe	26
	1,9	Silicon	Si	14
	1,9	Nickel	Ni	28
	1,9	Ruthenium	Ru	44
	1,9	Iridium	Ir	77
	1,91	Cobalt	Co	27
	1,93	Cadmium	Cd	48
	1,96	Antimony	Sb	51
	2	Lead	Pb	82
	2	Radon	Rn	86
	2,01	Gallium	Ga	31
	2,02	Astatine	At	85
	2,04	Boron	B	5
	2,05	Iodine	I	53
	2,1	Xenon	Xe	54
	2,16	Technetium	Tc	43
	2,18	Arsenic	As	33
	2,19	Phosphorus	P	15
	2,2	Hydrogen	H	1
	2,2	Rhodium	Rh	45
	2,2	Silver	Ag	47
	2,2	Platinum	Pt	78
	2,2	Gold	Au	79
	2,2	Francium	Fr	87
	2,28	Palladium	Pd	46
	2,28	Mercury	Hg	80
	2,33	Polonium	Po	84
	2,36	Osmium	Os	76
	2,54	Thallium	Tl	81
	2,55	Carbon	C	6
	2,55	Selenium	Se	34
	2,58	Sulfur	S	16
	2,6	Barium	Ba	56
	2,66	Cesium	Cs	55
	2,96	Krypton	Kr	36
	3,04	Nitrogen	N	7
	3,16	Chlorine	Cl	17
	3,44	Oxygen	O	8
	3,98	Fluorine	F	9
		Helium	He	2
		Neon	Ne	10
		Argon	Ar	18
		Rubidium	Rb	37
		Europium	Eu	63
		Terbium	Tb	65
		Holmium	Ho	67
		Hafnium	Hf	72
		Radium	Ra	88
		Seaborgium	Sg	106
		Bohrium	Bh	107
		Hassium	Hs	108
		Meitnerium	Mt	109
		Darmstadtium	Ds	110
		Roentgenium	Rg	111
		Ununbium	Uub	112
		Ununtrium	Uut	113
		Ununquadium	Uuq	114
		Ununpentium	Uup	115
		Ununhexium	Uuh	116
		Ununseptium	Uus	117
		Ununoctium	Uuo	118

Chemical elements listed by density

The elements of the periodic table sorted by density

click on any elements name for further chemical properties, environmental data or health effects.
This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry

The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by:	Density	Name chemical element	Symbol	Atomic Number
- Name alphabetically	0.09	Hydrogen	H	1
- Atomic number	0.18	Helium	He	2
- Symbol	0.53	Lithium	Li	3
- Atomic Mass	0.86	Argon	Ar	18
- Electronegativity	0.9	Neon	Ne	10
- Density	0.97	Sodium	Na	11
- Melting point	1.25	Nitrogen	N	7
- Boiling point	1.43	Oxygen	O	8
- Vanderwaals radius	1.55	Calcium	Ca	20
- Year of discovery	1.63	Rubidium	Rb	37
- Inventor surname	1.7	Fluorine	F	9
- Elements in earthcrust	1.74	Magnesium	Mg	12
- Elements in human body	1.78	Potassium	K	19
- Covalenz radius	1.82	Phosphorus	P	15
- Ionization energy	1.85	Beryllium	Be	4
For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is arranged by Atomic number. The first chemical element with the lowest density is Hydrogen and the highest density is Osmium. The unit of density is gr/cm3 (grams per cubic centimeter) for solids and gr/l (grams per liter) or kg/m3 (kilograms per kuub) for gasses Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.	1.87	Cesium	Cs	55
	2.07	Sulfur	S	16
	2.26	Carbon	C	6
	2.33	Silicon	Si	14
	2.34	Boron	B	5
	2.54	Strontium	Sr	38
	2.7	Aluminum	Al	13
	3.00	Scandium	Sc	21
	3.12	Bromine	Br	35
	3.21	Chlorine	Cl	17
	3.59	Barium	Ba	56
	3.75	Krypton	Kr	36
	4.47	Yttrium	Y	39
	4.54	Titanium	Ti	22
	4.79	Selenium	Se	34
	4.93	Tellurium	Te	52
	5.24	Europium	Eu	63
	5.32	Germanium	Ge	32
	5.5	Radium	Ra	88
	5.72	Arsenic	As	33
	5.9	Xenon	Xe	54
	5.91	Gallium	Ga	31
	6.11	Vanadium	V	23
	6.15	Lanthanum	La	57
	6.24	Iodine	I	53
	6.51	Zirconium	Zr	40
	6.68	Antimony	Sb	51
	6.77	Cerium	Ce	58
	6.77	Praseodymium	Pr	59
	6.9	Ytterbium	Yb	70
	7.01	Neodymium	Nd	60
	7.13	Zinc	Zn	30
	7.19	Chromium	Cr	24
	7.3	Promethium	Pm	61
	7.31	Indium	In	49
	7.31	Tin	Sn	50
	7.43	Manganese	Mn	25
	7.52	Samarium	Sm	62
	7.87	Iron	Fe	26
	7.9	Gadolinium	Gd	64
	8.23	Terbium	Tb	65
	8.55	Dysprosium	Dy	66
	8.57	Niobium	Nb	41
	8.65	Cadmium	Cd	48
	8.8	Holmium	Ho	67
	8.9	Nickel	Ni	28
	8.9	Cobalt	Co	27
	8.96	Copper	Cu	29
	9.07	Erbium	Er	68
	9.3	Polonium	Po	84
	9.32	Thulium	Tm	69
	9.73	Radon	Rn	86
	9.75	Bismuth	Bi	83
	9.84	Lutetium	Lu	71
	10.07	Actinium	Ac	89
	10.22	Molybdenum	Mo	42
	10.5	Silver	Ag	47
	11.35	Lead	Pb	82
	11.5	Technetium	Tc	43
	11.72	Protactinium	Pa	91
	11.85	Thallium	Tl	81
	12.02	Palladium	Pd	46
	12.37	Ruthenium	Ru	44
	12.41	Rhodium	Rh	45
	13.31	Hafnium	Hf	72
	13.5	Curium	Cm	96
	13.55	Mercury	Hg	80
	13.67	Plutonium	Pu	94
	14.78	Berkelium	Bk	97
	15.1	Californium	Cf	98
	15.4	Thorium	Th	90
	16.65	Tantalum	Ta	73
	18.95	Neptunium	Np	93
	19.32	Gold	Au	79
	19.35	Tungsten	W	74
	19.84	Americium	Am	95
	20.2	Uranium	U	92
	21.04	Rhenium	Re	75
	21.45	Platinum	Pt	78
	22.4	Iridium	Ir	77
	22.6	Osmium	Os	76
		Astatine	At	85
		Francium	Fr	87
		Einsteinium	Es	99
		Fermium	Fm	100
		Mendelevium	Md	101
		Nobelium	No	102
		Rutherfordium	Rf	104
		Lawrencium	Lr	103
		Dubnium	Db	105
		Bohrium	Bh	107
		Seaborgium	Sg	106
		Meitnerium	Mt	109
		Hassium	Hs	108
		Darmstadtium	Ds	110
		Roentgenium	Rg	111
		Ununbium	Uub	112
		Ununtrium	Uut	113
		Ununquadium	Uuq	114
		Ununpentium	Uup	115
		Ununhexium	Uuh	116
		Ununseptium	Uus	117
		Ununoctium	Uuo	118

 

 

The chemical elements and water

The chemical elements of the periodic table and their interaction with water:
reaction mechanisms, environmental impact and health effects

Aluminium in water (AL + H2O) Argon in water (Ar + H2O) Arsenic in water (As + H2O) Boron in water (B + H2O) Calcium in water (Ca + H2O) Chromium in water (Cr + H2O) Helium in water (He + H2O) Iodine in water (I + H2O) Iron in water (Fe + H2O) Lead in water (Pb + H2O) Lithium in water (Li + H2O) Magnesium in water (Mg + H2O) Nickel in water (Ni + H2O) Nitrogen in water (N + H2O) Oxygen in water (O2 + H2O) Potassium in water (K + H2O) Silicon in water (Si + H2O) Silver in water (Ag + H2O) Sodium in water (Na + H2O) Strontium in water (Sr + H2O) Tin in water (SN + H2O) Titanium in water (Ti + H2O) Zinc in water (Zn + H2O) These pages should answer the following questions: In what way and in what form do these elements react with water? What is the solubility of these elements and what are the most important compounds? Why are certain elements present in water? What are the environmental effects of these chemical elements in water? What are the health effects of specific elements and their compounds in water? Which water purification technologies can be applied for removal of specific elements from water? And additional information and literature sources. Feeling knowledgeable on environmental topics? Try our environmental quiz!

 

Chemical elements listed by melting point

The elements of the periodic table sorted by melting point

click on any element's name for further chemical properties, environmental data or health effects.
This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry.

The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by:	Melting- point	Name chemical element	Symbol	Atomic number
- Name alphabetically	-272	Helium	He	2
- Atomic number	-259	Hydrogen	H	1
- Symbol	-249	Neon	Ne	10
- Atomic Mass	-220	Fluorine	F	9
- Electronegativity	-218	Oxygen	O	8
- Density	-210	Nitrogen	N	7
- Melting point	-189	Argon	Ar	18
- Boiling point	-157	Krypton	Kr	36
- Vanderwaals radius	-112	Xenon	Xe	54
- Year of discovery	-101	Chlorine	Cl	17
- Inventor surname	-71	Radon	Rn	86
- Elements in earthcrust	-39	Mercury	Hg	80
- Elements in human body	-7	Bromine	Br	35
- Covalenz radius	27	Francium	Fr	87
- Ionization energy	29	Cesium	Cs	55
For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is arranged by melting point. The chemical element with the lowest melting point is Helium and the element with the highest melting point is Carbon. The unity used for the melting point is Celsius (C). Click here: to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit or Kelvin. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.	30	Gallium	Ga	31
	39	Rubidium	Rb	37
	44	Phosphorus	P	15
	64	Potassium	K	19
	98	Sodium	Na	11
	113	Sulfur	S	16
	114	Iodine	I	53
	157	Indium	In	49
	180	Lithium	Li	3
	217	Selenium	Se	34
	232	Tin	Sn	50
	254	Polonium	Po	84
	271	Bismuth	Bi	83
	302	Astatine	At	85
	303	Thallium	Tl	81
	321	Cadmium	Cd	48
	327	Lead	Pb	82
	420	Zinc	Zn	30
	449	Tellurium	Te	52
	630	Antimony	Sb	51
	639	Magnesium	Mg	12
	640	Neptunium	Np	93
	640	Plutonium	Pu	94
	660	Aluminum	Al	13
	700	Radium	Ra	88
	725	Barium	Ba	56
	769	Strontium	Sr	38
	795	Cerium	Ce	58
	816.8	Arsenic	As	33
	822	Europium	Eu	63
	824	Ytterbium	Yb	70
	827	Nobelium	No	102
	839	Calcium	Ca	20
	860	Einsteinium	Es	99
	900	Californium	Cf	98
	920	Lanthanum	La	57
	935	Praseodymium	Pr	59
	937	Germanium	Ge	32
	962	Silver	Ag	47
	986	Berkelium	Bk	97
	994	Americium	Am	95
	1010	Neodymium	Nd	60
	1050	Actinium	Ac	89
	1064	Gold	Au	79
	1072	Samarium	Sm	62
	1083	Copper	Cu	29
	1100	Promethium	Pm	61
	1132	Uranium	U	92
	1245	Manganese	Mn	25
	1278	Beryllium	Be	4
	1311	Gadolinium	Gd	64
	1340	Curium	Cm	96
	1360	Terbium	Tb	65
	1410	Silicon	Si	14
	1412	Dysprosium	Dy	66
	1453	Nickel	Ni	28
	1470	Holmium	Ho	67
	1495	Cobalt	Co	27
	1522	Erbium	Er	68
	1523	Yttrium	Y	39
	1527	Fermium	Fm	100
	1535	Iron	Fe	26
	1539	Scandium	Sc	21
	1545	Thulium	Tm	69
	1552	Palladium	Pd	46
	1568	Protactinium	Pa	91
	1627	Lawrencium	Lr	103
	1656	Lutetium	Lu	71
	1660	Titanium	Ti	22
	1750	Thorium	Th	90
	1772	Platinum	Pt	78
	1852	Zirconium	Zr	40
	1857	Chromium	Cr	24
	1890	Vanadium	V	23
	1966	Rhodium	Rh	45
	2150	Hafnium	Hf	72
	2200	Technetium	Tc	43
	2250	Ruthenium	Ru	44
	2300	Boron	B	5
	2410	Iridium	Ir	77
	2468	Niobium	Nb	41
	2617	Molybdenum	Mo	42
	2996	Tantalum	Ta	73
	3045	Osmium	Os	76
	3180	Rhenium	Re	75
	3410	Tungsten	W	74
	3500	Carbon	C	6
		Mendelevium	Md	101
		Rutherfordium	Rf	104
		Dubnium	Db	105
		Seaborgium	Sg	106
		Bohrium	Bh	107
		Hassium	Hs	108
		Meitnerium	Mt	109
		Darmstadtium	Ds	110
		Roentgenium	Rg	111
		Ununbium	Uub	112
		Ununtrium	Uut	113
		Ununquadium	Uuq	114
		Ununpentium	Uup	115
		Ununhexium	Uuh	116
		Ununseptium	Uus	117
Chemical elements listed by boiling point The elemenents of the periodic table sorted by boiling point click on any element's name for further chemical properties, environmental data or health effects. This list contains the 118 elements of chemistry. The chemical elements of the periodic chart sorted by: Boiling- point Name chemical element Symbol Atomic number - Name alphabetically -269 Helium He 2 - Atomic number -253 Hydrogen H 1 - Symbol -246 Neon Ne 10 - Atomic Mass -196 Nitrogen N 7 - Electronegativity -188 Fluorine F 9 - Density -186 Argon Ar 18 - Melting point -183 Oxygen O 8 - Boiling point -153 Krypton Kr 36 - Vanderwaals radius -108 Xenon Xe 54 - Year of discovery -62 Radon Rn 86 - Inventor surname -35 Chlorine Cl 17 - Elements in earthcrust 58.8 Bromine Br 35 - Elements in human body 184 Iodine I 53 - Covalenz radius 280 Phosphorus P 15 - Ionization energy 337 Astatine At 85   For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is arranged by boiling point. The chemical element with the lowest boiling point is Helium and the element with the highest boiling point is Tungsten. The unity used for the melting point is Celsius (C). Click here: to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit or Kelvin. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.   357 Mercury Hg 80 445 Sulfur S 16 613 Arsenic As 33 677 Francium Fr 87 678 Cesium Cs 55 685 Selenium Se 34 688 Rubidium Rb 37 760 Potassium K 19 765 Cadmium Cd 48 774 Potassium K 19 883 Sodium Na 11 907 Zinc Zn 30 962 Polonium Po 84 990 Tellurium Te 52 1090 Magnesium Mg 12 1140 Barium Ba 56 1347 Lithium Li 3 1384 Strontium Sr 38 1457 Thallium Tl 81 1466 Ytterbium Yb 70 1484 Calcium Ca 20 1560 Bismuth Bi 83 1597 Europium Eu 63 1727 Thulium Tm 69 1737 Radium Ra 88 1740 Lead Pb 82 1750 Antimony Sb 51 1900 Samarium Sm 62 1962 Manganese Mn 25 2000 Indium In 49 2212 Silver Ag 47 2270 Tin Sn 50 2355 Silicon Si 14 2403 Gallium Ga 31 2467 Aluminum Al 13 2510 Erbium Er 68 2550 Boron B 5 2562 Dysprosium Dy 66 2567 Copper Cu 29 2607 Americium Am 95 2672 Chromium Cr 24 2720 Holmium Ho 67 2732 Nickel Ni 28 2750 Iron Fe 26 2807 Gold Au 79 2830 Germanium Ge 32 2832 Scandium Sc 21 2870 Cobalt Co 27 2927 Palladium Pd 46 2970 Beryllium Be 4 3000 Promethium Pm 61 3041 Terbium Tb 65 3127 Praseodymium Pr 59 3127 Neodymium Nd 60 3200 Actinium Ac 89 3233 Gadolinium Gd 64 3235 Plutonium Pu 94 3257 Cerium Ce 58 3287 Titanium Ti 22 3315 Lutetium Lu 71 3337 Yttrium Y 39 3380 Vanadium V 23 3469 Lanthanum La 57 3727 Rhodium Rh 45 3818 Uranium U 92 3827 Platinum Pt 78 3900 Ruthenium Ru 44 3902 Neptunium Np 93 4377 Zirconium Zr 40 4527 Iridium Ir 77 4612 Molybdenum Mo 42 4790 Thorium Th 90 4827 Carbon C 6 4877 Technetium Tc 43 4927 Niobium Nb 41 5027 Osmium Os 76 5400 Hafnium Hf 72 5425 Tantalum Ta 73 5627 Rhenium Re 75 5660 Tungsten W 74 Protactinium Pa 91 Curium Cm 96 Berkelium Bk 97 Californium Cf 98 Einsteinium Es 99 Fermium Fm 100 Mendelevium Md 101 Nobelium No 102 Lawrencium Lr 103 Rutherfordium Rf 104 Dubnium Db 105 Seaborgium Sg 106 Bohrium Bh 107 Hassium Hs 108 Meitnerium Mt 109 Darmstadtium Ds 110 Roentgenium Rg 111 Ununbium Uub 112 Ununtrium Uut 113 Ununquadium Uuq 114 Ununpentium Uup 115 Ununhexium Uuh 116 Ununseptium Uus 117 Ununoctium Uuo 118		Ununoctium	Uuo	118