Air Composition

Dry air contains nitrogen 78.048%, oxygen 20.9476%, argon 0.9347%, carbon dioxide 0.0314%, hydrogen 0.00005%. The composition of gas mixture is expressed as volume percent. The remaining 0.01 percent is accounted for by traces of neon, krypton, helium, ozone and xenon.

Science: Is air a compound or a mixture?

Air is the mixture of gases. The composition of gas mixtures is always expressed as volume percent unless otherwise specified. For a mixture of given composition, the volume occupied by each individual component may be computed by knowing the total volume, the partial pressure of each component may be computed by knowing the total pressure and the number of moles of each component may be calculated by knowing the total number of moles percent.

In many calculations, including gas mixtures, it is desired to know pseudo (or average) molecular mass of a mixture. The mixture of gases known as air enters into so many engineering problems that it is desirable to know its composition and pseudomolecular mass. Dry air contains nitrogen 78.048%, oxygen 20.9476%, argon 0.9347%, carbon dioxide 0.0314%, hydrogen 0.00005%. The composition of gas mixture is expressed as volume percent. The remaining 0.01 percent is accounted for by traces of neon, krypton, helium, ozone and xenon.

For most engineering calculations, air is assumed to have a composition of 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen with the principal minor constituent, argon, being considered to be nitrogen. Air will contain water vapor but the amount will depend on weather conditions. The pseudomolecular mass of air may be calculated to be approximately 29 lb-mass per lb-mole and this figure should be used in problems involving air.

The calculation to get the psedomolecular mas of air,

Air Composition            Molecular mass (lb-mass per lb-mole)

N2 78.048%                   28.02
O2 20.9476%                 32.00
CO2 0.0314%,                44.00
H2 0.00005%                 2.02
Ar 0.9347%,                    39.91

Pseudomolecular mass of air = (28.02 x 0.78084) + (32 x 0.209476) + (44 x 0.000314) + (2.02 x 0.0000005) + (39.91 x 0.009347)

= 28.969 ~ 29 lb-mass per lb-mole

1. A mixture.The difference between a compound and a mixture is primarily that a mixture can be separated through physical means. Since air is essentially just a collection of various gases, air is a mixture.

2. Air is known to be a type of mixture. The very air that we have in the planet is actually a mixture of various gases that are naturally present in the world. A lot of calculations were made in order to confirm this, and there is a decent explanation to this that might pique your interests as well.

The actual mixture of the component were calculated over and over again, but the results are not exact, rather estimated to be exact. The molecular mixture of the gases ultimately formed the air that we breathe. Take note that this type of air is still made up of oxygen, but it’s not just any ordinary type of oxygen as it contains various components that made it more breathable as well.

It’s said that air is known to be also made up of nitrogen, and most of its components are actually nitrogen – with oxygen providing at least 20% of it. Other components are a very small fraction of argon and an very, very tiny amount of hydrogen. Scientists are not sure if there are any other components mixed into the fresh air that we breathe, but these four elements are the main ones that made up the air that we have.

Compounds, on the other hand, are known to have a more fixed amount than mixtures – just like how we mix water with a flavoring that we want. Compounds always needed to be exact, and therefore, air is actually a mixture of various elements in a natural way, but also in a way where it’s perfect for us to breathe in and out.

 

A chemical compound is a chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition.

The ratio of each element is usually expressed by chemical formula.
For example, water (H2O) is a compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom.
The atoms within a compound can be held together by a variety of interactions, ranging from covalent bonds to electrostatic forces in ionic bonds.
A continuum of bond polarities exist between the purely covalent bond (as in H2) and ionic bonds.
For example H2O is held together by polar covalent bonds.
Sodium chloride is an example of an ionic compound.

3. Pure air is actually a solution of the gases in the relative ratios listed in many of the previous posts. It is also a mixture in a practical sense, since the air we actually breathe contains numerous very small particles of dust, other organic particles, water droplets, etc.

4. Air is a mixture, which is made up of different compounds (covalently bound molecules made up of different elements, such as water H2O), and elements (molecules  made of only one element, like O2, and H2 or individual atoms). To further complicate the name game, air is also a solution, which is a homogeneous mixture (all one phase, gaseous in this instance). A solution is a type of mixture.

5. Air is a mixture of elements such as Oxygen and Nitrogen and a mixture of compounds such as water and carbon dioxide. A mixture is something that can be separated through physical means. Air can be separated into its elements and compounds by fractional distillation.

6. The best reason I can think of for why we believe that air is a mixture is that freezing air slowly yields different liquids at different temperatures. Liquid nitrogen has a different boiling point than liquid oxygen. They also freeze at different temperatures. If air were only 1 compound, then air in its entirety would have a single boiling point and a single freezing point.

7. Air is a mixture/blend of several gases and water (moisture). Its composition may change based on the ambient conditions. It is because it can be separated to its components using separation methods. Air is Mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and trace gasses.

8. It is a mixture of several compounds, mainly nitrogen and oxygen with bits of water vapour, carbon dioxide and argon, plus traces of many other gases.

Is a mixture of air and liquid air a pure substance?

1.Air itself is not a ‘pure substance’. Air is a mixture— primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, plus small amounts of a handful of other things (CO2, Argon, etc, etc). Anything that is a ‘mixture’ is by definition not a ‘pure substance’.

Thank you very much.

2.No, because relative proportions of oxygen and nitrogen differs in air (gaseous phase) and liquid air (liquid phase) in equilibrium.

Since, pure substance is homogeneous and invariable in chemical composition. Moreover relative proportion of chemical elements of substance is constant. Therefore, not a pure substance.

          
     

STUPENDOUS RESULTS #7

Dear Dr. Batmanghelidj ,

  I am writing to comment on and express my thanks for your research and your book Your Body's Many Cries for Water. I found it very concise and logical in its presentation and helpful in its message.

  I would also like to relay my experience prior to reading your book and the implementation of drinking more water.  I have no physical illness that I am aware of and enjoy good health, yet for all of my adult life I struggled with depressive states.  These states are not predictable and I have found little effective remedy other than simply to endure and wait. Without describing my depression I can say that for me it was often near debilitating and I have as a consequence done considerable experimentation in an effort to find relief. 

  I have tried numerous therapies both additive and subtractive. In the additive, I've tried acupuncture, homeopathy, Chinese herbs, Western herbs, chiropractic , sound and color therapy, chemical drugs , vitamins , essential oils, more light, colon cleansing , ozone and oxygen supplements , meditation , individual and group psychotheraphy , macrobiotic diet, and more exercise . In the subtraction I have eliminates amalgam fillings, caffeine, meat and sugar , alcohol and drugs , and all foods , during certain periods in my life. 

In regard to the effects of these trials I can say that only the increasing exposure to natural sunlight and use of antidepressant chemical drugs have had a noticeable effect on my depression.  I still get more sunlight but have abandoned drugs due to unacceptable side effects and concerns over long-term dependency. 

I read "Your Body's Many Cries for Water" nearly three months ago and started drinking at least 8 glasses of water a day two months ago.  I think that after this time I can with relative certainty say that there has been a marked improvement in my mood and absence of depressive states. This I say as a general statement. There are times when I feel low but on the whole I feel much improved. I have much humor and my thoughts are much more optimistic .  I have observed that even a single day without drinking water has a negative effect. 

I feel compelled to thank you for your work and for bringing it to the public. Although I cannot comment on the relationship between drinking more water and other maladies I would not hesitate to recommend the book and the practice of drinking more water to anyone who struggles with depression.

Cordially,
J.W. 

"The Girl's Speech Which Silenced the World for 6 Minutes."

Hello. I'm Severn Suzuki, speaking for ECO, the Environmental Children's Organization. We are a group of 12 and 13 year olds trying to make a difference: Vanessa Suttie, Morgan Geisler, Michelle Quigg, and me. We've raised all the money to come here ourselves, to come 5,000 miles to tell you adults you must change your ways.

Coming up here today, I have no hidden agenda. I am fighting for my future. 

Losing my future is not like losing an election or a few points on the stock market. I am here to speak for all generations to come. I am here to speak on behalf of the starving children around the world whose cries go unheard. I am here to speak for the countless animals dying across this planet because they have nowhere left to go. I am afraid to go out in the sun now because of the holes in our ozone. I am afraid to breathe the air because I don't know what chemicals are in it. I used to go fishing in Vancouver - my home - with my dad, until just a few years ago we found the fish full of cancers. And now we hear of animals and plants going extinct every day, vanishing forever.

In my life, I have dreamt of seeing the great herds of wild animals, jungles and rainforests, full of birds and butterflies, but now I wonder if they will even exist for my children to see. Did you have to worry of these things when you were my age? All this is happening before our eyes and yet we act as if we have all the time we want and all the solutions. I'm only a child, and I don't have all the solutions. I want you to realize, neither do you. You don't know how to fix the holes in our ozone layer. You don't know how to bring the salmon back up a dead stream. You don't know how to bring back an animal now extinct. And you can't bring back the forest that once grew where there is now a desert.

If you don't know how to fix it, please stop breaking it.

Here you may be delegates of your government, business-people, organizers, reporters or politicians. But really you are mothers and fathers, sisters and brothers, aunts and uncles, and all of you are someone's child. I am only a child, yet I know we are all part of a family 5 billion strong. In fact, 30 million species strong. And borders and governments will never change that. I am only a child, yet I know that we're all in this together and should act as one single world towards one single goal. In my anger, I am not blind, and in my fear, I am not afraid of telling the world how I feel. In my country, we make so much waste. We buy and throw away, buy and throw away, buy and throw away, and yet Northern countries will not share with the needy. Even when we have more than enough, we are afraid to share. We are afraid to let go of some of our wealth.

In Canada, we live the privileged life with plenty of food, water and shelter. We have watches, bicycles, computers and television sets. The list could go on for two days. Two days ago here in Brazil, we were shocked when we spent time with some children living on the streets. This is what one child told us, "I wish I was rich. And if I were, I would give all the street children food, clothes, medicines, shelter, and love and affection. If a child on the streets who has nothing is willing to share, why are we who have everything still so greedy? I can't stop thinking that these are children my own age; that it makes a tremendous difference where you are born; that I could be one of the children living in the favelas of Rio. I could be a child starving in Somalia, or a victim of war in the Middle East or a beggar in India. I am only a child, yet I know that if all the money spent on war was spent on finding environmental answers, ending poverty and finding treaties, what a wonderful place this Earth would be.

At school, even in kindergarten, you teach us how to behave in the world. You teach us to not fight with others. To work things out. To respect others. To clean up our mess. Not to hurt other creatures. To share, not be greedy. Then why do you go out and do the things you tell us not to do? Do not forget why you are attending these conferences - who you are doing this for. We are your own children. You are deciding what kind of world we are growing up in.

Parents should be able to comfort their children by saying "Everything's going to be all right. It's not the end of the world. And we're doing the best we can." But I don't think you can say that to us anymore. Are we even on your list of priorities? My dad always says "You are what you do, not what you say." Well, what you do makes me cry at night. You grown-ups say you love us, but I challenge you, please make your actions reflect your words.

Thank you.

( NOTE: When she was 12, Severn Suzuki and three Vancouver schoolmates raised money to go to the United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, 1992. Her speech to delegates had such an impact that she became a frequent invitee to U.N. conferences.)

NEGOTIATIONS

'The Girl Who Silenced the World' returns to Rio

Julia Pyper, E&E reporter

ClimateWire: Tuesday, June 19, 2012

Twenty years ago, a 12-year-old girl took the 
podium at the U.N. Conference on Environ-
ment and Development in Rio de Janeiro and 
told a room full of world leaders that they 
were failing her.

"Coming here today, I have no hidden agenda. 
I am fighting for my future. Losing my future is 
not like losing an election or a few points on the 
stock market. I am here to speak for all 
generations to come," she said.

Severn Cullis-Suzuki was only nine when she 
and her friends created the Environmental 
Children's Organization, or ECO, a group 
dedicated to learning about and educating 
others on environmental issues. The speech 
she delivered just a few years later at the 
1992 Earth Summit captured the world's 
attention and would in many ways shape her life.

Severn Cullis-Suzuki. Photo courtesy of Miles Clark.

"Do not forget why you're attending
these conferences, who you're doing 
this for. We are your own children. 
You are deciding what kind of world 
we will grow up in. Parents should 
be able to comfort their children by 
saying, 'Everything's going to be all 
right,' 'We're doing the best we can,' 
and 'It's not the end of the world,'" 
said Cullis-Suzuki.

"But I don't think you can say that to us anymore," 
she said. "Are we even on your list of 
priorities?"

The year after she gave this talk, Cullis-Suzuki 
received the U.N. Environment Programme's 
Global 500 Award in Beijing. Over the last two 
decades, a video of her speech has made its 
rounds on the Internet, earning the now 
32-year-old Canadian activist the title 
"The Girl Who Silenced the World for 6 Minutes."

"To take a step back, and not even look at this 
as myself but as a phenomenon, seeing a child 

speaking 
truth to power is a very, very powerful 
image and story. And it's something that I've 
never received any criticism for, and that blows 
my mind," said Cullis-Suzuki in an interview with 
ClimateWire.

The speech "really cut through a lot of the 
rationale we have as adults ... for destroying 
the natural world and destroying options for 
the future," she said. "Now, as a parent myself, 
I understand why people reacted to me, because 
I remind them of their own kids, and people love 
their own kids."

This week, Cullis-Suzuki has returned to Rio 

for the U.N. Conference on Sustainable 

Development, known as Rio+20, which opens 

today. She is teaming up with the Canadian 

youth-centered group We Canada to help the 
next generation of world leaders speak up in 
the global dialogue.

Falling off her government's agenda

Cullis-Suzuki is the daughter of writer 
Tara Elizabeth Cullis and prominent 
Canadian environmental activist 
David Suzuki. Having also received a 
bachelor of science degree in ecology 
and evolutionary biology from Yale 
University and a master of science in 
ethnoecology from the University of 
Victoria, British Columbia, Cullis-Suzuki 
is no stranger to the sustainability issues 
facing the planet.

She hosts "Samaq'an: Water Stories[["An
examination of the importance of water 
includes a look at how industrial develop-
ment is impacting this natural resource, 
as well as accounts of what water means 
in the lives of everyday people.Premiered:
August 18, 2016]] ,a Canadian television 
show about First Nations communities and 
water issues. But before that, she served 
on the U.N. Earth Charter Commission and 
on then-U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan's 
Special Advisory Panel for the 2002 World 
Summit on Sustainable Development in 
Johannesburg, South Africa.

Cullis-Suzuki said she has grown skeptical 
of the top-down approach to negotiations, 
but when she was asked to be one of We 
Canada's 12 "Champions" on sustainable 
development at the Earth Summit, the girl 
who always spoke up couldn't say no.

We Canada was launched two years ago 
as part of the Canadian Earth Summit 
Coalition, an independent nonprofit created 
to engage the public in the Rio de Janeiro 
conference. Cullis-Suzuki consulted with 
the group on its three policy recommend
-ations: to establish a measure of national 
progress that includes the natural 
environment, to implement a carbon tax 
and eliminate fossil fuel subsidies and to 
push the government of Canada to add 
fair trade to the sustainability agenda.

The three policy recommendations were 

presented in consultations with more than 

8,000 youth across the country and 

supported in more than 1,200 signed letters 

to the federal government. The Canadian 

government, however, did not include We 

Canada's recommendations in its national 

strategy for Rio+20 or meet with civil 

society groups to have them shape the 

national report, according to Aleksandra 
Nasteska, We Canada's communications 

director.

In response to a petition, the Canadian 
Department of Foreign Affairs and 
International Trade said that it held 
consultations within the federal government, 
which is led by a Conservative Party 
majority, and opened the strategy 
document to a 120-day public review.

The letter does not respond to We 
Canada's three policy recommendations 
directly. Instead, it referred to the 
"increasingly inclusive" nature of U.N. 
conferences for how the coalition's 
policies could be brought into the zero 
draft. 

Nasteska said it felt as though the 
government was writing them off. "As in, 
'You're youth, so there's no reason why 
we should listen to you,'" she said. 
"There's no commitment to action 
or no invitation to meet with us."

After We Canada presented the 
policy recommendations at 
regional consultationswith the 
U.N. Environment Programme 

and submitted them directly to the Earth 

Summit, however, its three ideas were 

woven into the primary U.N. negotiating 

document, she said.

Overall, the expectations for Rio+20 are 
not high. The European Union and United 
States still face serious economic troubles, 
and tensions over the responsibilities of 
developed versus developing nations that 
plague the U.N.-led climate talks are also 
clouding Rio.

Cullis-Suzuki said she is not holding 
her breath for world leaders, from Canada 
or elsewhere, to instigate meaningful 
change at Rio+20. For We Canada, the 
main goal is to represent Canadian civil 
society and serve as witnesses to the 
government's actions. "We need to 
challenge them, not just at the summit 
but beyond," she said.

The best outcome of the talks would 
be a new sense of momentum behind 
sustainability efforts, she said. Support 
for action on environmental issues 
tanked during the 2008 financial crisis 
and has yet to climb back up. Failing 
to use this transition period to steer 
the world economy in a new direction 
would be a missed opportunity, she said.

Fighting the Northern Gateway pipeline

Cullis-Suzuki is also looking to shape 
Canada's environmental legacy by 
engaging in a campaign against the 
proposed Enbridge Inc. Northern 
Gateway pipeline from the Alberta oil 
sands to the coast of British Columbia.

Where she lives with her husband and 
two sons on the Pacific Coast archipelago 
of Haida Gwaii, the Haida people, 
including Cullis-Suzuki and her family, 
live off the land and hunt and fish for 
food. To get Canadian bitumen to ports 
and ships bound for Asia, the pipeline 
would cross 5,000 salmon bearing 
streams and create a huge threat to 
these fish populations, she said.

The national government has pushed 
hard for the $5.5 billion project, which 
it says would expand Canada's foreign 
markets and spur economic growth. 
But federal politicians have also limited 
public input to only those directly 
affected by the pipeline and have 
passed new legislation to streamline 
environmental reviews that could apply 
retroactively to the Northern Gateway 
pipeline (ClimateWire, June 5).

While she hasn't given up on the fight 
against the Northern Gateway, 
Cullis-Suzuki said that if the 
international community doesn't rally 
around a new approach to economic 
growth, battles over individual 
pipelines will keep cropping up while 
the planet decays.

"When I get really overwhelmed, I 
take a step back as a biologist and 
as an ecologist and say, 'Well, if we 
really trash the planet and we really 
limit the ecosystems that support us, 
life will continue on; evolution will 
continue on,'" she said. "Whether or 
not the charismatic mega fauna will 
survive -- the lions, the tigers, the 
elephants and things that occupy a 
similar space on the top of the food 
web like we do -- that's another question."

For solutions, Cullis-Suzuki looks 
back to her start on the global stage 
in the fight for a sustainable future.

"We really need to hear from the 
youth, because young people, 
people under 30, now comprise 
over 50 percent of the world's 
population, and yet they have so 
little decision making power," said 
Cullis-Suzuki. "We need them to rise 
up and remind us what it's all about."

Click Here To Watch 1992 Video

Severn Suzuki, a 12-year-old from Vancouver, British Columbia, was assigned 

to speak to world leaders assembled at the first U.N. conference in Rio de 

Janeiro in June 1992. Afterward, she became known as "The Girl Who 
Silenced the World for Six Minutes" because heads of state sat in rapt attention 
when she described her own encounters with environmental issues, including 
water and air pollution and endangered species. Then she asked them: 

"Did you have to worry about these things at my age?" 

Click here to watch the video.

OZONE = Oxygen 3 atoms

Ozone - Is it Good or Bad?
	The ordinary man on the street has probably learned through the media and popular misinformation that ozone is something toxic in the air. It is supposed to be a real health hazard and major pollutant to be avoided. In fact, when most people think of air pollution, they often think of ozone levels and relate the two directly. Therefore, just the concept of ozone as a purifying agent would be an apparent contradiction in terms. But the contradiction is only ‘apparent’ for there is in practice, no safer, effective and more convenient oxidizing agent (acting alone) to purify polluted air, than this very natural element! Moreover, it is in part, nature’s way of cleaning the air! As the saying goes, ‘ fire can kill, fire can also help’ depending on how you use it. Just as it does naturally outdoors, ozone does have a great potential for improving indoor air quality under the right conditions. The Nature’s Way of Cleaning the Environment Ozone is a molecule composed of three atoms of oxygen. Pure ozone is produced naturally and has a distinctly pale blue colour when it is isolated as a crystalline solid or liquid at very low temperatures. When it is generated commercially from the air, a colourless gas is produced. At low concentrations,  it has a very distinct sweet and pleasant odour – which has at times been referred to as the smell of ‘fresh, clean air’ as ‘in the mountains’ and  ‘near waterfalls’, or ‘after a thunderstorm or lightning’. Natural ozone concentration at ground level can  vary between 0.01 – 0.05 ppm. Ozone is the second most powerful oxidizing agent in the world. It is second only to fluorine which itself finds very limited use in practice, since the latter is a rare and expensive halogen gas that has many devastating side effects and complications for routine human applications. Ozone works at killing bacteria more than 1,000 times faster than chlorine. Some History Ozone was discovered in 1840 by a German chemist but its utilization in industrial situations has a rather long and impressive history. This was way before the current environment concerns put it on the scientific center stage. The most common use of ozone to date is probably in the treatment of water for drinking. In 1906, a group of scientists and doctors studied the ozonation system at the Outshoorn plant in Holland and later constructed a plant in Nice, France capable of handling 19,000 cubic meters per day, using ozonation for disinfection. For this reason, Nice is considered to be ‘the birthplace’ of ozonation for drinking water treatment. Today that has become a widespread practice, in many parts of the world.Ozone was first used on meats in 1909 in Cologne, France – ironically, by German scientists. The US Department of Agriculture was slow to acknowledge and approve its use in foods but after many decades, they have now ‘seen the light’! This has really been long in coming since an application of ozone use was first published in the United States in 1885. It is now widely used as an oxidizing, deodorizing, sterilizing and bleaching agent. As powerful an oxidizing and sterilizing agent as ozone is, the remarkable property is that it decomposes to a non-toxic, environmentally safe material. This is in clear contrast to chlorine which produces hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid. Even in its widespread use in water, chlorine has complications of odour, taste, allergies and irritation for sensitive individuals. In considering the history of ozone, perhaps it is appropriate to include a reference to a series of studies published at the height of the Cold War in the Journal Priroda (1976) where the Department of Health in Russia established some important points concerning the use of ozone in closed indoor environments. They found that normal air loses its basic ‘freshness’ quality when it was drawn into air conditioning and heating systems, with a loss of as much as 90% of its ozone and ion levels. This was demonstrated to cause symptoms for building occupants who complained of headaches, weakness and a general poor feeling – commonly referred to as ‘sick building syndrome’. However, after five months of testing, with both a test group and a control group, the subsequent exposure to 15ppb (parts per billion, a level not so atypical of normal air) of ozone, restored a feeling of well being. Moreover, at these levels of exposure, they were able to observe increase immune potential, higher oxygen content in the blood, improved blood pressure readings, and the reduction of many stress characteristics associated with working in modern office environments. Studies by the Institute of Child and Adolescent Hygiene showed that by raising the ozone levels in classrooms to 15ppb, up to 69% of the students decreased the time required to complete concentration tasks. They also noted favourable changes in respiration, mental reserve capacities and general state of physical and mental health. Ozone Power In the area of public health, ozone technology has been a potential source fir reducing the role of infection, both in the home and in healthcare facilities. Ozone is a powerful, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that has been found to be effective against bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, bacterial and fungal spores. Potential applications for ozone in the food industry include:- increasing yield of certain crops, protecting raw agricultural commodities during storage and transit, sanitizing packaging materials for storage, and adding to water for washing food in the preliminary and final stages of distribution. As of June 2001, ozone has gained FDA approval as a sanitizer not only for food contact surfaces but also for direct application on food. Currently, 90% of Fortune 500 companies in the food industry are already using ozone in some of their applications. Safety Limits of Ozone The concern of overdose of ozone is more related to exposure in the air and less in the water, depending on applications. Various reputable agencies worldwide have published recommended safety levels in the air which can be referred. Ozone Mythology Myth #1 All air cleaners sold for residential use produce hazardous ozone and are therefore inherently dangerous. All reputable bodies including the US EPA, FDA, OSHA, ASHRAE and ACGIH have acknowledged standards for ozone accumulation and exposure levels. As long as manufacturers adhere to the suggested conservative standards of exposure, the probability of developing health risks should be very low. Myth #2 Low-level altitude pollution or smog is due to ozone. It is true that wherever smog levels are high, so are the measured ozone levels. And while ozone is easy to measure, hydrocarbons are not. In addition, ozone is always present in levels consistent with the hydrocarbon (pollution) level, therefore the common assumption is perpetuated that ozone is the culprit. But it’s just not so. Ozone forms naturally when sunlight reacts with man-made hydrocarbons in the air (generated by automobile exhaust and smokestack emissions, for example). Hence, the more hydrocarbons there are, the more ozone is produced. Moreover, it is the ozone produced naturally outdoors that is actually nature’s secret for helping to break down those harmful hydrocarbons and other pollutants. Myth #3 Ozone is the toxic agent in polluted air Many people believe that the offensive odors, burning          eyes and aggravated respiratory problems associated with air pollution, are all due to high levels of ozone in common polluted air. The fact is that they mistake hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen, halogenated by-products, lead and other sulfur compounds – all these irritants and more – for a single scapegoat: ozone. These other pollutants do indeed cause eye, nose and throat irritations. In their absence, the irritating effect of ozone at the low concentration levels is a far cry from what is commonly assumed. Myth #4 Ozone destroys the sense of smell Ozone is an effective deodorizer because, as an effective oxidizing agent, it eliminates odour, especially the organic based odour such as are commonly found in the kitchen when cooking. The effect is not in the nose or the brain where the true sense of smell is experienced. The effect is rather to chemically change the noxious chemicals by oxidizing molecules of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and nitrogen, to odour-free molecules like carbon dioxide and water. Ozone does not mask the odour, it changes or neutralizes it. That’s the ideal answer. Ten Advantages of Ozone Technology One of the biggest advantages of ozone may be its relatively low cost in comparison to other technologies. Ozone will neutralize virtually all organic odour, specifically those that contain carbon as their base element. Ozone is also less corrosive to equipment than most chemicals currently being used, such as chlorine. Ozone generators clean the air and may reduce the risk of microbiological infections. Applications of ozone are generally quick and easy as units are portable and only require a minimal amount of time to treat the average room. Ozone has been found to be an excellent disinfectant, especially for the treatment of water and waste water. Ozone has been found to be an effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial but because it can be used in gaseous form, it can give a complete coverage of all surfaces. Ozone technology can be applied with very little if any manpower. An important advantage of ozone use in food processing is that the product can still be called organic. Ozone kills bacteria within a few seconds by a process known as cell lysing. Because of this, microorganisms cannot develop ozone resistant strains, thus eliminating the need to change biocides periodically. Reference: Some information has been extracted from the book ‘Fresh Air For Life’ co-authored by Dr Allan Somersall and Dr James Marsden.
	More reference can also be obtained from 'The Story of Ozone - Seventh Edition', the International Ozone Association website, etc.  What is ozone(O3)     Ozone (O3) consist of 3 oxygen atoms, also being called as “super oxygen. It’s a colourless gas, unstable & reactive form of oxygen molecule. Ozone is very effective & known as 1) an oxidizer towards bacteria, viruses, mold & fungus 2) a decomposer for various type of organic chemicals Facts About Ozone Ozone (O3) consists of 3 oxygen atoms - is a colourless gas, unstable and reactive form of oxygen occurs commonly in nature (mountains and waterfalls) Ozone very effectively oxidizes and eliminates bacteria, viruses, mold & fungus decomposes organic compounds e.g. pesticides, antibiotics, etc. Ozone is currently used in many industries agriculture aquaculture water treatment medical industry hatchery food storage food preservation food processing bottle water HVAC system indoor air treatment water treatment Global Trends on Ozone Thousands of ozone water treatment plants used worldwide Los Angeles has one of the largest ozone plant for drinking water US FDA approved ozone as an additive to kill food-borne pathogens Commonwealth swimming pools including Bukit Jalil uses ozone Fortune 500 companies use ozone extensively in food industry