US President’s ancestors drug trafficking to China

73% of the US President’s ancestors drug trafficking to China

Updated August 15th, 2023

73% of the US President’s ancestors drug trafficking to China, 

Professor: most of the capital accumulation in the US comes from opium. 73%的美国总统祖上对华贩毒，教授：美国资本积累大部分来自鸦片 73% dì měiguó zǒngtǒng zǔshàng duì huá fàndú, jiàoshòu: Měiguó zīběn jīlěi dà bùfèn láizì yāpiàn

复旦大学中国研究院副院长范勇鹏最近在一档节目中说了这样一段话：”我在美国斯坦福大学上一门课的时候，一位历史学教授跟我讲了一个事儿，他说Doctor Fan，你知不知道，我们美国早期的工业化的资本积累，绝大多数来自于你们中国的鸦片贸易，我当时都不相信！”

说句实在话，国师听到这样的观点之后也是惊讶颇多，所以我跟范勇鹏先生做了一样的举动：阅读大量的资料。经过一段时间的研读，我深以为然。

尽管在许多人的印象中，鸦片贸易可能一直是”英国人”的专利，但身为大英帝国长子的美利坚合众国实际上也是深深的参与其中，其贸易份额一度达到了42%之多。而这些鸦片贸易产生的新权贵，则是美国此后政治、经济生活的主力军，美国45任总统中，33任总统在血缘上和鸦片贩子有直接关系。

（向下滚动继续阅读）

Fan Yongpeng, vice president of the China Research Institute of Fudan University, recently said in a program: “when I was taking a course at Stanford University in the United States, a history professor told me something. He said Doctor Fan, do you know that the vast majority of the capital accumulation of our early industrialization in the United States came from your opium trade in China, and I didn’t believe it at that time?”

To be honest, the teacher was surprised to hear such a point of view, so I did the same thing as Mr. Fan Yongpeng: read a lot of material. After a period of study, I was impressed by it.​

Although the opium trade may have been the patent of the “British” in the impression of many, the United States of America, the eldest son of the British Empire, was in fact deeply involved, with a trade share of as much as 42 per cent. The new dignitaries produced by these opium trade are the main forces in the political and economic life of the United States since then. Of the 45 presidents of the United States, 33 have a direct relationship with opium traffickers in blood.

In 1805, the first American drug-trafficking ship was loaded with 124 bales and 51 cartons of tobacco from Smyrna, Türkiye¹, to the United States and then to China. The three brigs² are generally believed to have been the start of the American opium trade with China, but there is no evidence that previous Americans were not involved in this evil act. (¹Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye) (² A brig is a type of sailing vessel defined by its rig: two masts which are both square-rigged.)

Until then, the United States could only export fur and precious metals to China and suffered from the huge trade deficit caused by tea and silk. British control of opium plantations such as India and Myanmar makes them seem to have monopolized the trade. But the ingenuity of the Americans opened the door to the opium trade with China.

They found another opium-growing site, Turkey, and developed a new trade route. Despite the long journey, the price is almost three times the cost, and it is a well-worth “business”.

The poor quality of opium produced in the Middle East, but its low price, suddenly opened up the “sinking market” in China. Received a “warm welcome” from the ordinary people, so that opium no longer become the “exclusive” of the rich class “Fushou ointment.” The Chinese have also made this distinction, calling Turkish opium as a small soil and calling Indian opium as a big soil, which, of course, has led to many Chinese “adulterers” mixing small soil into the big soil for the second time.

After developing raw material sources in the Persian Gulf, its profit margin has increased by 25%. Because the opium smuggling trade only required money for corrupt Chinese officials and did not need to pay taxes, it was easier to do than the original “legal” fur trade and attracted a large number of American businessmen.

Between 1805 and 1834, the United States imported 16,305 chests of opium to China (estimated), accounting for 42% of the total opium shipped to China in the two years 1817-18.

Many merchants also took advantage of it, such as John Jacob Astor, the first millionaire in American history, who started trading furs with China and had to find another way after losing his share of the trade to the British during the War of 1812.

In 1816, he began to engage in opium smuggling trade. John first went to Turkey to buy 10 tons of opium and resell it to China. It is generally believed that between 1816 and 1825, John delivered hundreds of thousands of pounds of opium to China, becoming his most profitable “sideline”.

Britain and America compete and collude with each other in the opium trade. The Americans used cheap Turkish tobacco to open the market, the British are under the cruel direct large-scale expansion of production, suddenly pulled down the price of opium in India, the profits of the Americans greatly damaged. Later, however, the British allowed the Americans free passage on the route between Calcutta and Canton.

Since the United States began importing opium to China, the United States has imported much less silver to China. In 1836 there was only less than one million yuan per year, compared with about 4 million yuan two or three decades earlier, which made the Qing silver famine even more serious.

Before the Opium War, the opium trade between China, Britain and the United States was in fact “a small fight”, and the scale after the Opium War was even more terrible.

The antismoking campaign of 1839 uncovered a huge amount of smuggled opium, the third largest in the United States​This, of course, poked a sore point between Britain and the United States. Without the opium trade, their trade advantages and most “viable” commercial activities would be terminated, which is obviously not what they want to see.

So the next story is familiar to you. Britain brazenly launched the war against China and encountered little decent resistance in the next two years, with only a few examples of anti-British warfare, such as veteran Guan Tianpei’s defense of Guangzhou and Zhenjiang’s 2400 martyrs.

On August 29, 1842, the Qing Dynasty and the British government signed the humiliating “Nanjing Treaty”, in which there was no serious negotiation during which there was no serious negotiation. However, the ministers of the Qing Dynasty felt that the most humiliating thing was that the name of the emperor of the Qing Dynasty was written side by side with the name of the Huang Mao Yi woman (Queen Victoria), rather than cutting the land indemnity to open the trade or so on.

In 1844, the Americans followed and signed the “Treaty of Wangxia” with China, which was similar to the conditions of the British.

In fact, the Qing government felt that these treaties were generally considered expedient, and that foreigners could be fooled and deceived at will.The text of the Treaty of Nanking was not promulgated at all, and was kept in the yamen of the viceroys of Guangdong and Guangxi.The treaty stipulates that the British can go to Guangzhou to live in the future, but local officials do not perform, all kinds of Taiji, the Chinese do not regard the British as human beings, or as “not human”barbarians”, which is angry with the Anglo-Saxon nation.

Of course, their best means of “revenge” during this period of time is to import opium into China frantically, corrupting the whole society of China. In the five trade period, the whole southeast coast “a piece of erosion”, Anglo-American opium all over the place.

In 1847, Shanghai imported 16400 cartons of opium. By 1859, Shanghai had imported 33786 cases of opium, a figure that was the sum of the whole country 20 years ago. Opium trade accounted for the first place in many trade ports in China, while the United States accounted for 1/3 of the opium trade, ranking second. Huge opium sales have also directly offset the trade deficit between China and the United States.

Such a large-scale smuggling trade naturally has the acquiescence of Qing government officials.Coastal officials, in particular, often charged opium peddlers three percent of their gross sales and colluded with Britain and the United States to exploit the people and sell drugs that could roam the streets as long as they were not in the presence of high-ranking officials.

But despite this, Britain and the United States still feel that the income is not enough to make a profit, and they want to compete for the next commanding heights: the legalization of the opium trade.​The Treaty of Wangxia stipulated that the treaty could be amended 12 years after it was signed, but the Qing government did not intend to renew the contract. Britain and France started the war in October 1856 under the pretext of the Arrow incident and the Ma Abb incident, and the United States and Russia sat in the rear to reap the benefits of the fishermen.

The British and French allied forces broke into Beijing and set fire to the Old Summer Palace, which became the eternal pain of the Chinese nation. After the Second Opium War, the four countries forced the Qing government to sign the “Tianjin Treaty” and “Beijing Treaty,” which further expanded the invasion of trade with China, and finally put the opium trade on the “legalization” coat, and even some Chinese provinces began to cultivate opium sales.

​Since then, opium began to run amok in Chinese society, drugs in the spirit and material erosion of this ancient nation.The United States also made huge profits from the opium trade in these decades, which greatly promoted the second industrial revolution.

Because of the evil opium trade, the American society produced a new group of powerful elites. The birth of these new powerful elites marked that the United States had completed the initial primitive accumulation of capital before the Second Industrial Revolution, and played a great role in promoting the industrialization process of the United States.There are three main ways to promote American industrialization:

I. Of large number

Investment in infrastructure, such as investing in philanthropy, building hospitals, railroads, and schools, created a number of early American cities.

II.Use this money

Opening a factory; The creation of more wealth greatly promoted the early industrialization of the United States.

III.These wealthy Americans control American politics through “individual alliances.”​ The United States government is fully prepared for industrialization.

The Perkins family from Boston best exemplifies the “rise” of America’s new elite. The Perkins family was one of the first American families to set up a trade office in Canton for the purpose of selling opium.

The family owned only seven ships, but in 1826 it became the first millionaires in American history. After getting this money, the Perkins family and other new Boston dignitaries immediately “repay the villagers” and actively participate in the construction of their hometown of Boston.

​Salem State University historian Dane Morrison said: ” The money changed the face of Boston and made it possible for Boston to become one of the world’s true civic cities. “（That money changes the face of Boston and makes it possible for Boston to develop a reputation as one of the world’s true civic cities）

This “ill-gotten gains” (opium trafficking was legal in the United States at the time) were transformed into “charity money” in the United States.​

Thomas Perkins (Thomas Perkins) first invested in the railway between Quincy quarry and BostonSome historians call it the first true railroad in American history.The Perkins family also invested extensively in steamships, mines, and railroads.

Massachusetts, where Boston is located, is in thePublic expenditure is heavily dependent on the opium trade, they used the money to build a lot of roads and bridges and maintain the courts and fire departments and schools and hospitals. On the other hand, the opium trade promoted philanthropy in Boston.​The Perkins family financed the Massachusetts General Hospital, McLean Hospital, and the Boston Athenaeum Hospital, libraries, colleges, secondary schools, orphanages, and schools for the blind, all bearing the names of opium magnates.

The contributions of these opium tycoons to their hometown made Boston the “most human looking” city in the early history of the United States, but this “human feeling” was based on the suffering of countless Chinese people across the ocean.

​The American historian Haddad had to admit: ” Opium was indeed a way for the United States to be able to shift China’s economic power to the American industrial revolution. “（Opium was really a way that America was able to transfer China’s economic power to America’s industrial revolution. ）

Phyllis Forbes Kerr compiled a book about her great-grandfather, Robert Bennett Forbes, who was an opium baron.

These histories were not widely shared in America, and the descendants of opium barons in Boston almost never discussed the origins of their family’s wealth, but there were American intellectuals who knew and were ashamed of it.

​Boston Athenaeum Hospital, for example, issued a statement saying: ” Our own heritage, like that of many historic institutions, reveals its inherent contradictions. We acknowledge that the Perkins brothers have built their fortune at the expense of the lives of others… while supporting numerous educational, medical and cultural causes through generous philanthropy. “（Our own legacy, like that of many historic institutions, reveals inherent contradictions. We acknowledge that the Perkins brothers built their fortune at the expense of the lives of others … While supporting a great number of educational, medical, and cultural causes through their generous philanthropy.) Boston Athena Hospital also encourages people to dig into this history to alert the world.

Phyllis Forbes Kerr, a descendant of an opium baron, once wrote a book about his great-grandfather, Robert Bennett Forbes, which exposed such evil practices. She also revealed that when relatives and grandmother had dinner together, they once satirized her great-grandfather as a drug dealer.​The old lady was very unhappy.

There are many similar cases, these magnates became the vanguard of the early industrialization of the United States, greatly promoting the development of the second industrial revolution. As Fan Yongpeng, vice president of Fudan University’s Institute of China Studies, relayed: The vast majority of the capital accumulation of America’s early industrialization came from the opium trade with China.​

Since then, 33 of the 45 presidents of the United States have been tied to the opium trade (less than five uniforms), accounting for 73 per cent of the total. Among them, President Roosevelt’s grandfather, Warren Dillano (Warren Delano Jr.), was one of the partners of Qichang Foreign Company. Eleonora Randolph, the grandson of Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the United States, also married the opium dealer leader, Sir Joseph Curry (Joseph Coolidge IV).

Although the opium trade was fruitful, with the development of the Second Industrial Revolution and the development of the West, This trade eventually died out and was formally abolished in the 1880 treaty between China and the United States, with China becoming a supplier of raw materials and a dumping ground for American industrial products (opium smuggling continued, albeit on a smaller scale).

1805 年，第一艘美国贩毒船装载了 124 包和 51 箱烟草，从土耳其士麦那 1 运往美国，然后运往中国。 人们普遍认为这三艘双桅船是美国对华鸦片贸易的开始，但没有证据表明以前的美国人没有参与这一邪恶行径。 （1土耳其，正式名称为土耳其共和国）（² 双桅船是一种帆船，由其桅杆定义：两根桅杆均为方形桅杆。）

  此前，美国只能向中国出口毛皮和贵金属，并遭受茶叶和丝绸造成的巨额贸易逆差。 英国对印度和缅甸等鸦片种植园的控制使他们似乎垄断了贸易。 但美国人的聪明才智却打开了与中国鸦片贸易的大门。

  他们发现了另一个鸦片种植地——土耳其，并开发了一条新的贸易路线。 尽管路途遥远，但价格几乎是成本的三倍，是一笔很划算的“生意”。

  中东出产的鸦片品质较差，但价格低廉，一下子打开了中国的“下沉市场”。 受到了老百姓的“热烈欢迎”。 让鸦片不再成为富豪阶层的“专属”“福寿膏”。 中国人也做出了这样的区分，称土耳其鸦片为小土，称印度鸦片为大土，这当然导致了许多中国“奸夫”第二次将小土混入大土。

  开发波斯湾原材料来源后，其利润率增加了25%。 由于鸦片走私贸易只需要中国腐败官员的钱，不需要纳税，因此比原来“合法”的毛皮贸易更容易做，吸引了大量的美国商人。

  1805年至1834年间，美国向中国进口了16,305箱鸦片（估计），占1817-18年两年运往中国鸦片总量的42%。

  许多商人也利用了这一点，例如美国历史上第一位百万富翁约翰·雅各布·阿斯特(John Jacob Astor)，他开始与中国进行毛皮贸易，但在 1812 年战争期间将贸易份额输给英国后，不得不另谋出路。

  1816年开始从事鸦片走私贸易。 约翰首先去土耳其购买了10吨鸦片，然后转售给中国。 一般认为，1816年至1825年间，约翰向中国输送了数十万磅鸦片，成为他最赚钱的“副业”。

  英美两国在鸦片贸易上相互竞争、相互勾结。 美国人用廉价的土耳其烟草打开了市场，英国人则在残酷的直接大规模扩张生产下，一下子拉低了印度鸦片的价格，美国人的利润大为受损。 然而，后来英国允许美国人在加尔各答和广州之间的航线上自由通行。

  自从美国开始向中国进口鸦片以来，美国向中国进口的白银就少得多。 1836年，每年只有不到100万元，而二三十年前约为400万元，这使得清朝的银荒更加严重。

  鸦片战争之前，中英美之间的鸦片贸易实际上是“小打小闹”，鸦片战争之后的规模更加可怕。

  1839 年的禁烟运动查获了大量走私鸦片，为美国第三大走私鸦片。 这当然戳中了英国和美国之间的痛处。 如果没有鸦片贸易，他们的贸易优势和最“可行”的商业活动就会终止，这显然不是他们愿意看到的。

  所以接下来的故事你们是熟悉的。 英国悍然发动对华战争，此后两年几乎没有遇到像样的抵抗，只有老兵关天培保卫广州、镇江2400烈士等少数抗英战争的例子。

1842年8月29日，清朝与英国政府签订了屈辱性的《南京条约》，其中没有进行认真的谈判。 然而清朝大臣们却觉得最耻辱的是清朝皇帝的名字和黄毛衣女子（维多利亚女王）的名字并列写着，而不是砍掉土地赔款 开仓等等。

 1844年，美国人追随并与中国签订了与英国条件类似的《望夏条约》。

 事实上，清政府觉得这些条约总体上被认为是权宜之计，外国人可以随意愚弄和欺骗。《南京条约》的文本根本没有颁布，一直保存在广东总督衙门里。 条约规定英国人以后可以去广州居住，但当地官员不履行，各种太极，中国人不把英国人当人，或者说是“非人”的野蛮人” ，这是对盎格鲁撒克逊民族的愤怒。

 当然，他们这段时间“报复”最好的手段就是疯狂地向中国输入鸦片，腐蚀整个中国社会。 五通贸易时期，整个东南沿海“一片侵蚀”，英美鸦片遍地。

 1847年，上海进口鸦片16400箱。 到1859年，上海进口鸦片33786箱，是20年前全国的总和。 鸦片贸易在中国许多贸易口岸中占第一位，而美国则占鸦片贸易的1/3，位居第二。 巨大的鸦片销量也直接抵消了中美之间的贸易逆差。

 如此大规模的走私贸易，自然得到了清政府官员的默许。尤其是沿海官员，经常向鸦片贩子收取销售额百分之三的费用，并与英美勾结剥削百姓，贩卖可以流浪的毒品。 只要没有高级官员在场，他们就可以在街上行走。

 但尽管如此，英美两国仍然觉得收入不足以盈利，想要争夺下一个制高点：鸦片贸易的合法化。​望峡条约规定，该条约可以 签订12年后又进行修改，但清政府无意续约。 1856年10月，英法借口阿罗事件和马阿布事件发动战争，美俄坐在后方坐收渔民的好处。

 英法联军攻入北京，纵火焚烧圆明园，成为中华民族永远的痛。 第二次鸦片战争后，四国迫使清政府签订了《天津条约》和《北京条约》，进一步扩大了对华贸易的侵略，最终给鸦片贸易披上了“合法化”的外衣， 甚至中国的一些省份也开始种植鸦片销售。

 ​从此，鸦片开始在中国社会横行，毒品侵蚀着这个古老民族的精神和物质。美国这几十年也从鸦片贸易中获取了巨额利润，极大地推动了第二次工业革命。

 由于罪恶的鸦片贸易，美国社会产生了一批新的有权有势的精英阶层。 这些新的强势精英的诞生，标志着美国完成了第二次工业革命之前资本的初步原始积累，对美国的工业化进程起到了巨大的推动作用。 推动美国工业化主要有以下三种途径：

 一、数量众多

 基础设施投资，例如投资慈善事业、修建医院、铁路和学校，创造了许多早期的美国城市。

 二. 用这笔钱

 开设工厂； 更多财富的创造极大地促进了美国的早期工业化。

 三、这些美国富人通过“个体联盟”控制美国政治。​美国政府为工业化做好了充分准备。

 来自波士顿的帕金斯家族是美国新精英“崛起”的最好例证。 珀金斯家族是最早在广州设立贸易办事处以销售鸦片的美国家族之一。

这个家族只拥有七艘船，但在 1826 年成为美国历史上第一位百万富翁。 拿到这笔钱后，帕金斯家族等波士顿新政要立即“回报村民”，积极参与家乡波士顿的建设。

 塞勒姆州立大学历史学家戴恩·莫里森说：“这笔钱改变了波士顿的面貌，使波士顿成为世界上真正的公民城市之一。 “（这笔钱改变了波士顿的面貌，使波士顿有可能成为世界上真正的公民城市之一）

 这些“不义之财”（当时鸦片贩运在美国是合法的）在美国被转化为“慈善资金”。​

 托马斯帕金斯首先投资了昆西采石场和波士顿之间的铁路。 一些历史学家称其为美国历史上第一条真正的铁路。 珀金斯家族还对轮船、矿山和铁路进行了大量投资。

 波士顿所在的马萨诸塞州的公共支出严重依赖鸦片贸易，他们用这些钱修建了大量的道路和桥梁并维护法院和消防部门以及学校和医院。 另一方面，鸦片贸易促进了波士顿的慈善事业。帕金斯家族资助了马萨诸塞州总医院、麦克莱恩医院和波士顿雅典娜医院、图书馆、大学、中学、孤儿院和盲人学校，所有这些都承担着 鸦片大亨的名字。

 这些鸦片大亨对家乡的贡献，让波士顿成为美国早期历史上“最具人情味”的城市，但这种“人情味”却是建立在大洋彼岸无数华人的苦难之上的。

 美国历史学家哈达德不得不承认：“鸦片确实是美国能够将中国的经济力量转移到美国工业革命的一种方式。” “（鸦片实际上是美国将中国的经济力量转移到美国工业革命的一种方式。 ）

 菲利斯·福布斯·克尔 (Phyllis Forbes Kerr) 编写了一本关于她的曾祖父罗伯特·贝内特·福布斯 (Robert Bennett Forbes) 的书，罗伯特·贝内特·福布斯是一位鸦片大亨。

 这些历史在美国并未得到广泛传播，波士顿鸦片大亨的后裔几乎从不讨论他们家族财富的来源，但有些美国知识分子知道这一点，并为此感到羞耻。

 例如，波士顿雅典娜医院发表声明称：“我们自己的遗产，就像许多历史机构的遗产一样，揭示了其固有的矛盾。 我们承认帕金斯兄弟以牺牲他人的生命为代价积累了财富……同时通过慷慨的慈善事业支持众多教育、医疗和文化事业。 “（我们自己的遗产，就像许多历史机构的遗产一样，揭示了固有的矛盾。 我们承认帕金斯兄弟以牺牲他人的生命为代价建立了自己的财富……同时通过他们的慷慨慈善事业支持了大量教育、医疗和文化事业。）波士顿雅典娜医院还鼓励人们深入研究这段历史，以警示人们 世界。

 鸦片大亨的后裔菲利斯·福布斯·克尔曾写过一本关于他的曾祖父罗伯特·贝内特·福布斯的书，揭露了这种罪恶行径。 她还透露，亲戚和奶奶一起吃饭时，曾讽刺曾祖父是毒贩。​老太太很不高兴。

 类似的案例还有很多。 这些巨头成为美国早期工业化的先锋，极大地推动了第二次工业革命的发展。 正如复旦大学中国研究院副院长范永鹏所言：美国早期工业化的资本积累绝大多数来自对华鸦片贸易。​

 此后，美国45位总统中，有33位与鸦片贸易有关（制服不到五位），占总数的73%。 其中，罗斯福总统的祖父沃伦·迪拉诺（Warren Delano Jr.）曾是其昌外国公司的合伙人之一。 美国开国元勋之一杰斐逊的孙子埃莉奥诺拉·伦道夫也嫁给了鸦片商领袖约瑟夫·库里爵士（约瑟夫·柯立芝四世饰）。

 尽管鸦片贸易硕果累累，但随着第二次工业革命的发展和西方的发展，这种贸易最终消亡，并在1880年中美条约中正式废除，中国成为原材料供应国 以及美国工业产品的倾销场（鸦片走私仍在继续，尽管规模较小）。