Anatomy of the Human Body

Henry Gray TWENTIETH EDITION THOROUGHLY REVISED AND RE-EDITED BY WARREN H. LEWIS ILLUSTRATED WITH 1247 ENGRAVINGS many in color—from the classic 1918 publication, as well as a subject index with 13,000 entries ranging from the Antrum of Highmore to the Zonule of Zinn. PHILADELPHIA: LEA & FEBIGER, 1918 NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 2000 Introduction Anatomical Bibliography   I. Embryology The Animal Cell The Ovum The Spermatozoön Fertilization of the Ovum Segmentation of the Fertilized Ovum The Neural Groove and Tube The Notochord The Primitive Segments Separation of the Embryo The Yolk-sac Development of the Fetal Membranes and Placenta The Branchial Region Development of the Body Cavities The Form of the Embryo at Different Stages of Its Growth Bibliography   II. Osteology Introduction Bone The Vertebral Column a. General Characteristics of a Vertebra The Cervical Vertebræ The Thoracic Vertebræ The Lumbar Vertebræ The Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebræ b. The Vertebral Column as a Whole The Thorax a. The Sternum b. The Ribs c. The Costal Cartilages The Skull a. The Cranial Bones The Occipital Bone The Parietal Bone The Frontal Bone The Temporal Bone The Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid bone b. The Facial Bones The Nasal Bones The Maxillæ (Upper Jaw) The Lacrimal Bone The Zygomatic Bone The Palatine Bone The Inferior Nasal Concha The Vomer The Mandible (Lower Jaw) The Hyoid Bone c. The Exterior of the Skull d. The Interior of the Skull The Extremities a. The Bones of the Upper Extremity The Clavicle The Scapula The Humerus The Ulna The Radius b. The Hand The Carpus The Metacarpus The Phalanges of the Hand c. The Bones of the Lower Extremity The Hip Bone The Pelvis The Femur The Patella The Tibia The Fibula d. The Foot The Tarsus The Metatarsus The Phalanges of the Foot Comparison of the Bones of the Hand and Foot The Sesamoid Bones   III. Syndesmology Introduction Development of the Joints Classification of Joints The Kind of Movement Admitted in Joints Articulations of the Trunk a. Articulations of the Vertebral Column b. Articulation of the Atlas with the Epistropheus or Axis c. Articulations of the Vertebral Column with the Cranium d. Articulation of the Mandible e. Costovertebral Articulations f. Sternocostal Articulations g. Articulation of the Manubrium and Body of the Sternum h. Articulation of the Vertebral Column with the Pelvis i. Articulations of the Pelvis Articulations of the Upper Extremity a. Sternoclavicular Articulation b. Acromioclavicular Articulation c. Humeral Articulation or Shoulder-joint d. Elbow-joint e. Radioulnar Articulation f. Radiocarpal Articulation or Wrist-joint g. Intercarpal Articulations h. Carpometacarpal Articulations i. Intermetacarpal Articulations j. Metacarpophalangeal Articulations k. Articulations of the Digits Articulations of the Lower Extremity a. Coxal Articulation or Hip-joint b. The Knee-joint c. Articulations between the Tibia and Fibula d. Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint e. Intertarsal Articulations f. Tarsometatarsal Articulations g. Intermetatarsal Articulations h. Metatarsophalangeal Articulations i. Articulations of the Digits j. Arches of the Foot IV. Myology Mechanics of Muscle Development of the Muscles Tendons, Aponeuroses, and Fasciæ The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Head. a. The Muscles of the Scalp b. The Muscles of the Eyelid c. The Muscles of the Nose d. The Muscles of the Mouth e. The Muscles of Mastication The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Anterolateral Region of the Neck a. The Superficial Cervical Muscle b. The Lateral Cervical Muscles c. The Supra- and Infrahyoid Muscles d. The Anterior Vertebral Muscles e. The Lateral Vertebral Muscles The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Trunk a. The Deep Muscles of the Back b. The Suboccipital Muscles c. The Muscles of the Thorax d. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Abdomen e. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Pelvis f. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Perineum The Fascia and Muscles of the Upper Extremity a. The Muscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Vertebral Column b. The Muscles Connecting the Upper Extremity to the Anterior and Lateral Thoracic Walls c. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Shoulder d. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Arm e. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Forearm f. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Hand The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Lower Extremity. a. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Iliac Region b. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thigh c. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Leg d. The Fasciæ Around the Ankle e. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Foot Bibliography   V. Angiology Introduction The Blood Development of the Vascular System The Thoracic Cavity a. The Pericardium b. The Heart c. Peculiarities in the Vascular System in the Fetus Bibliography   VI. The Arteries Introduction The Aorta The Arteries of the Head and Neck a. The Common Carotid Artery Relations The External Carotid Artery The Triangles of the Neck The Internal Carotid Artery b. The Arteries of the Brain The Arteries of the Upper Extremity a. The Subclavian Artery b. The Axilla The Axillary Artery The Brachial Artery The Radial Artery The Ulnar Artery The Arteries of the Trunk a. The Descending Aorta The Thoracic Aorta The Abdominal Aorta b. The Common Iliac Arteries The Hypogastric Artery The External Iliac Artery The Arteries of the Lower Extremity a. The Femoral Artery b. The Popliteal Fossa c. The Popliteal Artery d. The Anterior Tibial Artery e. The Arteria Dorsalis Pedis f. The Posterior Tibial Artery Bibliography   VII. The Veins Introduction The Pulmonary Veins The Systemic Veins a. The Veins of the Heart b. The Veins of the Head and Neck The Veins of the Exterior of the Head and Face The Veins of the Neck The Diploic Veins The Veins of the Brain The Sinuses of the Dura Mater. Ophthalmic Veins and Emissary Veins c. The Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax d. The Veins of the Lower Extremity, Abdomen, and Pelvis The Portal System of Veins   VIII. The Lymphatic System Introduction The Thoractic Duct The Lymphatics of the Head, Face, and Neck The Lymphatics of the Upper Extremity The Lymphatics of the Lower Extremity The Lymphatics of the Abdomen and Pelvis The Lymphatic Vessels of the Thorax Bibliography   IX. Neurology Structure of the Nervous System Development of the Nervous System The Spinal Cord or Medulla Spinalis The Brain or Encephalon a. The Hind-brain or Rhombencephalon b. The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon c. The Fore-brain or Prosencephalon d. Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves e. Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves f. Pathways from the Brain to the Spinal Cord g. The Meninges of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis h. The Cerebrospinal Fluid The Cranial Nerves a. The Olfactory Nerves b. The Optic Nerve c. The Oculomotor Nerve d. The Trochlear Nerve e. The Trigeminal Nerve f. The Abducent Nerve g. The Facial Nerve h. The Acoustic Nerve i. The Glossopharyngeal Nerve j. The Vagus Nerve k. The Accessory Nerve l. The Hypoglossal Nerve The Spinal Nerves a. The Posterior Divisions b. The Anterior Divisions c. The Thoracic Nerves d. The Lumbosacral Plexus e. The Sacral and Coccygeal Nerves The Sympathetic Nerves a. The Cephalic Portion of the Sympathetic System b. The Cervical Portion of the Sympathetic System c. The Thoracic Portion of the Sympathetic System d. The Abdominal Portion of the Sympathetic System e. The Pelvic Portion of the Sympathetic System f. The Great Plexuses of the Sympathetic System Bibliography   X. The Organs of the Senses and the Common Integument The Peripheral Organs of the Special Senses a. The Organs of Taste b. The Organ of Smell c. The Organ of Sight The Tunics of the Eye The Refracting Media The Accessory Organs of the Eye d. The Organ of Hearing The External Ear The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity The Auditory Ossicles The Internal Ear or Labyrinth e. Peripheral Terminations of Nerves of General Sensations The Common Integument   XI. Splanchnology The Respiratory Apparatus a. The Larynx b. The Trachea and Bronchi c. The Pleuræ d. The Mediastinum e. The Lungs The Digestive Apparatus a. The Mouth b. The Fauces c. The Pharynx d. The Esophagus e. The Abdomen f. The Stomach g. The Small Intestine h. The Large Intestine i. The Liver j. The Pancreas The Urogenital Apparatus a. Development of the Urinary and Generative Organs b. The Urinary Organs The Kidneys The Ureters The Urinary Bladder The Male Urethra The Female Urethra c. The Male Genital Organs The Testes and their Coverings The Ductus Deferens The Vesiculæ Seminales The Ejaculatory Ducts The Penis The Prostate The Bulbourethral Glands d. The Female Genital Organs The Ovaries The Uterine Tube The Uterus The Vagina The External Organs The Mammæ The Ductless Glands a. The Thyroid Gland b. The Parathyroid Glands c. The Thymus d. The Hypophysis Cerebri e. The Pineal Body f. The Chromaphil and Cortical Systems g. The Spleen   XII. Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings Surface Anatomy of the Head and Neck Surface Markings of Special Regions of the Head and Neck Surface Anatomy of the Back Surface Markings of the Back Surface Anatomy of the Thorax Surface Markings of the Thorax Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen Surface Markings of the Abdomen Surface Anatomy of the Perineum Surface Markings of the Perineum Surface Anatomy of the Upper Extremity Surface Markings of the Upper Extremity Surface Anatomy of the Lower Extremity Surface Markings of the Lower Extremity